Immobilized selenium, a method of making, and uses of immobilized selenium in a rechargeable battery
An immobilized selenium body, made from carbon and selenium and optionally sulfur, makes selenium more stable, requiring a higher temperature or an increase in kinetic energy for selenium to escape from the immobilized selenium body and enter a gas system, as compared to selenium alone. Immobilized selenium localized in a carbon skeleton can be utilized in a rechargeable battery. Immobilization of the selenium can impart compression stress on both the carbon skeleton and the selenium. Such compression stress enhances the electrical conductivity in the carbon skeleton and among the selenium particles and creates an interface for electrons to be delivered and or harvested in use of the battery. A rechargeable battery made from immobilized selenium can be charged or discharged at a faster rate over conventional batteries and can demonstrate excellent cycling stability.
1. A rechargeable battery comprising:
a cathode comprised of immobilized selenium disposed on an electrically conductive substrate;
a separator disposed in direct contact with the immobilized selenium; and
an anode,
wherein
the separator is formed from an organic material, an inorganic material, or a solid electrolyte; and
the immobilized selenium comprises a selenium-carbon mixture, wherein the selenium has been melted into the carbon, thereby forming an immobilized selenium system or body comprising selenium in a carbon skeleton body, wherein an activation energy for a selenium particle to escape the immobilized selenium system or body is ≥95 kJ/mole, and wherein the immobilized selenium system or body has a mid-point weight-loss temperature ≥520° C.
2. A rechargeable battery comprising:
a cathode comprised of immobilized selenium disposed on an electrically conductive substrate, the immobilized selenium exhibiting a mid-point weight-loss temperature ≥520° C.;
a separator disposed in direct contact with the immobilized selenium; and
an anode,
wherein the separator is formed from an organic material, an inorganic material, or a solid electrolyte.
3. The rechargeable battery of claim 2 , wherein the rechargeable battery exhibits at least one of the following:
an electrochemical capacity of ≥400 mAh/g;
a specific capacity of >30% of a second discharge capacity at a charge-discharge cycling rate of 0.1 C following charge-discharge cycling at 5 cycles at 10 C; and
a Coulombic efficiency ≥50%.
4. The rechargeable battery of claim 2 , wherein the anode is spaced from the separator by lithium.
5. The rechargeable battery of claim 4 , wherein the cathode, the separator, the anode, and the lithium are immersed in an electrolyte.