Use of mineral fines to reduce clinker content of cementitious compositions
Quarry fines and/or limestone powder are used to reduce clinker content in concrete, mortar and other cementitious compositions, typically in combination with one or more pozzolanically active SCMs. Quarry fines and/or limestone powder can replace and/or augment a portion of hydraulic cement binder and/or fine aggregate. Quarry fines and/or limestone powder can advantageously replace a portion of cement binder and fine aggregate, acting as an intermediate that fills a particle size void between the largest cement particles and smallest fine aggregate particles. Supplemental lime can advantageously maintain or enhance balance of calcium ions in the mix water and/or pore solution. Supplemental sulfate can advantageously address sulfate deficiencies caused by high clinker reduction, use of water reducers and/or superplasticers, and SCMs containing aluminates. Such systematic approach to beneficially using quarry fines, limestone powder, SCMs, lime, and sulfate addresses many issues and permits high clinker reduction with similar or increased strength.
1. A concrete mix comprising mixture products of:
a hydraulic cement selected from the group consisting of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) having a d10 below about 3 μm and a d90 between about 35 μm and about 45 μm, alkali-activated cement, and geopolymer cement;
at least one of fine ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) having a d90 between about 15 μm and about 25 μm or fly ash;
quarry fines or limestone powder having a d90 between about 50 μm and about 200 μm;
coarse aggregate;
fine aggregate; and
water.
2. The concrete mix of claim 1 , further comprising a natural pozzolan.
3. The concrete mix of claim 1 , further comprising at least one of added calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, or Type S Lime.
4. The concrete mix of claim 1 , further comprising at least one of added calcium sulfate anhydrite, calcium sulfate hemihydrate, lithium sulfate, or calcium sulfate dihydrate.
5. The concrete mix of claim 1 , further comprising at least one of a polycarboxylate ether superplasticizer, an amine activator, or a calcium nitrate activator.
6. The concrete mix of claim 1 , wherein the concrete mix has the following characteristics:
OPC: 185-245 lb/yd 3 ;
GGBFS: 120-235 lb/yd 3 ;
Fly Ash: 0-120 lb/yd 3 ;
Quarry Fines or Limestone Powder: 110-200 lb/yd 3 ;
(Water-to-cementitious binder ratio (w/cm)): 0.50-0.58;
(Water-to-cement ratio (w/c)): 1.0-1.50; and
(Water-to-powder ratio (w/p)): 0.38-0.44.
7. The concrete mix of claim 1 , wherein the concrete mix has the following characteristics:
OPC: 250-335 lb/yd 3 ;
GGBFS: 230-315 lb/yd 3 ;
Fly Ash: 0-140 lb/yd 3 ;
Quarry Fines or Limestone Powder: 150-225 lb/yd 3 ;
Lime: 0-10 lb/yd 3 ;
CaSO 4 (hemihydrate): 0-10 lb/yd 3 ;
w/cm: 0.37-0.44;
w/c: 0.70-1.20; and
w/p: 0.29-0.35.
8. The concrete mix of claim 1 , wherein the concrete mix has the following characteristics:
OPC: 240-500 lb/yd 3 ;
GGBFS: 230-315 lb/yd 3 ;
Quarry Fines or Limestone Powder: 100-220 lb/yd 3 ;
Lime: 0-10 lb/yd 3 ;
CaSO 4 (hemihydrate): 0-6 lb/yd 3 ;
w/cm: 0.42-0.52;
w/c: 0.65-1.05; and
w/p: 0.34-0.42.
9. The concrete mix of claim 1 , wherein the concrete mix has the following characteristics:
OPC: 250-335 lb/yd 3 ;
GGBFS: 230-315 lb/yd 3 ;
Fly Ash: 0-140 lb/yd 3 ;
Quarry Fines or Limestone Powder: 150-225 lb/yd 3 ;
w/cm: 0.52-0.63;
w/c: 0.90-1.50; and
w/p: 0.43-0.47.
10. The concrete mix of claim 1 , wherein the quarry fines or limestone powder are selected from the group consisting of waste aggregate particles or fines, waste or manufactured limestone fines, shale flue dust from manufacturing lightweight calcined shale aggregates, granite fines, stone dust, rock dust, marble dust, mine tailings, pulverized bottom ashes, pulverized metallurgical slags, waste or pulverized shale from shale oil extraction, and waste or pulverized sand from tar sand extraction.
11. A concrete mix comprising mixture products of:
a hydraulic cement selected from the group consisting of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) having a d10 below about 3 μm and a d90 between about 35 μm and about 45 μm, alkali-activated cement, and geopolymer cement;
fly ash;
quarry fines or limestone powder having a d90 between about 50 μm and about 150 μm;
coarse aggregate;
fine aggregate; and
water.
12. The concrete mix of claim 11 , further comprising at least one of GGBFS, natural pozzolan, or shale flue dust.
13. The concrete mix of claim 11 , further comprising at least one of added calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, or Type S Lime.
14. The concrete mix of claim 11 , further comprising at least one of added calcium sulfate anhydrite, calcium sulfate hemihydrate, lithium sulfate, or calcium sulfate dihydrate.
15. The concrete mix of claim 11 , wherein the concrete mix has the following characteristics:
OPC: 320-530 lb/yd 3 ;
Fly Ash: 60-180 lb/yd 3 ;
Quarry Fines or Limestone Powder: 70-200 lb/yd 3 ;
w/cm: 0.41-0.53;
w/c: 0.55-0.75; and
w/p: 0.33-0.51.
16. The concrete mix of claim 11 , wherein the concrete mix has the following characteristics:
OPC: 320-530 lb/yd 3 ;
Fly Ash: 60-180 lb/yd 3 ;
Quarry Fines or Limestone Powder: 70-200 lb/yd 3 ;
w/cm: 0.41-0.53;
w/c: 0.55-0.75; and
w/p: 0.33-0.51.
17. The concrete mix of claim 11 , wherein the concrete mix has the following characteristics:
OPC: 270-450 lb/yd 3 ;
Fly Ash: 60-180 lb/yd 3 ;
Quarry Fines or Limestone Powder: 50-180 lb/yd 3 ;
w/cm: 0.43-0.58;
w/c: 0.6-0.95; and
w/p: 0.33-0.48.
18. The concrete mix of claim 11 , wherein the quarry fines or limestone powder are selected from the group consisting of waste aggregate particles or fines, waste or manufactured limestone fines, shale flue dust from manufacturing lightweight calcined shale aggregates, granite fines, stone dust, rock dust, marble dust, mine tailings, pulverized bottom ashes, pulverized metallurgical slags, waste or pulverized shale from shale oil extraction, and waste or pulverized sand from tar sand extraction.
19. A concrete mix comprising mixture products of:
a hydraulic cement selected from the group consisting of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) having a d10 below about 3 μm and a d90 between about 35 μm and about 45, alkali-activated cement, and geopolymer cement;
a fine pozzolanically reactive supplementary cementitious material having a d90 less than about 25 μm selected from the group consisting of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), fine fly ash, ultrafine fly ash, silica fume, ground glass, and natural pozzolan;
mineral fines having a d90 between about 50 μm and about 200 μm;
coarse aggregate;
fine aggregate; and
water.
20. The concrete mix of claim 19 , wherein the concrete mix has the following characteristics:
OPC: 320-530 lb/yd 3 ;
Ultrafine Fly Ash: 50-150 lb/yd 3 ;
Quarry Fines or Limestone Powder: 50-200 lb/yd 3 ;
w/cm: 0.41-0.53;
w/c: 0.55-0.75; and
w/p: 0.33-0.51.
21. The concrete mix of claim 19 , wherein the concrete mix has the following characteristics:
OPC: 280-480 lb/yd 3 ;
Ultrafine Fly Ash: 60-170 lb/yd 3 ;
Quarry Fines or Limestone Powder: 50-200 lb/yd 3 ;
w/cm: 0.24-0.5;
w/c: 0.62-0.72; and
w/p: 0.21-0.43.
22. The concrete mix of claim 19 , wherein the concrete mix has the following characteristics:
OPC: 230-520 lb/yd 3 ;
Ultrafine Fly Ash: 140-300 lb/yd 3 ;
Quarry Fines or Limestone Powder: 80-250 lb/yd 3 ;
w/cm: 0.4-0.52;
w/c: 0.65-1.10; and
w/p: 0.3-0.45.
23. The concrete mix of claim 19 , wherein the mineral fines are selected from the group consisting of waste aggregate particles or fines, waste or manufactured limestone fines, shale flue dust from manufacturing lightweight calcined shale aggregates, granite fines, stone dust, rock dust, marble dust, mine tailings, pulverized bottom ashes, pulverized metallurgical slags, waste or pulverized shale from shale oil extraction, and waste or pulverized sand from tar sand extraction.