Nanoparticle compositions and methods for enhancing lead-acid batteries
This disclosure relates to compositions and methods for improving the performance of lead-acid batteries, including reviving or rejuvenating a partially or totally dead battery, by adding an amount of nonionic, ground state metal nanoparticles to the electrolyte of the battery, and optionally recharging the battery by applying a voltage. The metal nanoparticles may be gold and coral-shaped, and are added to provide a concentration within the electrolyte of 100 ppb to 2 ppm.
1. A method of rejuvenating and/or improving performance of a lead-acid battery, comprising:
providing a lead-acid battery;
adding an amount of nonionic, ground state metal nanoparticles to an electrolyte solution of the battery so as to bring the concentration of nanoparticles within the electrolyte to at least 100 ppb and no more than 2 ppm; and
the nonionic, ground state metal nanoparticles rejuvenating or improving the performance of the lead-acid battery.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the addition of the nanoparticles to the electrolyte increases a fully charged resting voltage of the battery as compared to a fully charged resting voltage of the battery prior to addition of the nanoparticles.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the addition of the nanoparticles to the electrolyte increases a cranking amps or cold cranking amps rating of the battery as compared to a cranking amps or cold cranking amps rating of the battery prior to addition of the nanoparticles.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the addition of the nanoparticles to the electrolyte increases a reserve capacity of the battery as compared to a reserve capacity of the battery prior to addition of the nanoparticles.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein an average cell voltage of the battery is increased to 2.6 V.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein an average cell voltage of the battery is increased by 8 to 25%.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nanoparticles include gold nanoparticles.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nanoparticles include smooth surfaces omitting planar faces and edges.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nanoparticles comprise coral-shaped nanoparticles.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the coral-shaped nanoparticles have lengths ranging from 15 nm to 100 nm.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nanoparticles comprise spherical-shaped nanoparticles.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the spherical-shaped nanoparticles have a mean diameter of 3 nm to 20 nm.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nanoparticles have a ξ-potential of at least 10 mV.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nanoparticles function to slow or prevent the formation of, and/or aid in the disassociation of, a crystalline PbSO 4 layer of an electrode of the battery over time.
15. The method of claim 1 , further comprising recharging the lead-acid battery by applying a voltage.
16. A lead-acid battery having improved performance formed as a result of the method of claim 1 .
17. A lead-acid battery having improved performance, comprising:
a positive electrode;
a negative electrode;
an electrolyte in electrical contact with the positive and negative electrodes; and
a plurality of coral-shaped, nonionic metal nanoparticles dispersed within the electrolyte at a concentration of at least 100 ppb and no more than 2 ppm.
18. The battery of claim 17 , wherein the coral-shaped nanoparticles comprise gold.
19. The battery of claim 17 , wherein the coral-shaped nanoparticles are formed through a laser-ablation process.
20. A method of rejuvenating and/or improving performance of a lead-acid battery, comprising:
providing a lead-acid battery;
adding an amount of nonionic, ground state metal nanoparticles to a liquid electrolyte solution of the battery so as to bring the concentration of nanoparticles within the electrolyte to at least 100 ppb and no more than 2 ppm, the electrolyte being formulated to allow the nanoparticles to move into crystalline buildup of one or more electrodes of the lead-acid battery; and
the nonionic, ground state metal nanoparticles rejuvenating or improving the performance of the lead-acid battery.
21. A method of rejuvenating and/or improving performance of a lead-acid battery, comprising:
providing a lead-acid battery;
adding an amount of nonionic, ground state metal nanoparticles to an electrolyte solution of the battery, the electrolyte solution comprising aqueous sulfuric acid and being formulated for use in a lead-acid battery, so as to bring the concentration of nanoparticles within the electrolyte to at least 100 ppb and no more than 2 ppm; and
the nonionic, ground state metal nanoparticles rejuvenating or improving the performance of the lead-acid battery.