IP Library › Granted Patent US 12,610,952
Granted Patent B2
US 12,610,952 · App. 17/878,652 · Granted Apr 28, 2026

Antimicrobial compositions and methods

Inventor: William Harold Niedermeyer (West Jordan, UT)
Assignee: EVOQ NANO, INC.
A01N59/16A61K33/24A61K33/242A61K33/243A61K33/244
View Patent ↗
Loading inventors, assignments & file history…
Monitor This Case
Get email alerts when status or documents change.
Order Certified Copies
Most orders are placed with the USPTO same day — all within 24 business hours.
Order via The Patent Place →
Pre-filled with this patent's details
Quick Facts
Patent No.
US 12,610,952
App. No.
17/878,652
Granted
Apr 28, 2026
Kind
B2
Abstract

Antimicrobial compositions for killing or deactivating microbes, such as viruses, bacteria, or fungi, include metal nanoparticles, a carrier, and a plurality of metal nanoparticles. The nanoparticles can be selected to have a particle size and particle size distribution to selectively and preferentially kill one of a virus, a bacterium, or a fungus. Antiviral compositions can include nanoparticles having a particle size of 8 nm or less, 1-7 nm, 2-6.5 nm, or 3-6 nm. Antibacterial compositions can include nanoparticles having a particle size of 3-14 nm, 5-13 nm, 7-12 nm, or 8-10 nm. Antifungal compositions can include nanoparticles having a particle size of 9-20 nm, 10-18 nm, 11-16 nm, or 12-15 nm.

Claims (37)

1 . A method of killing or deactivating a target microbe, comprising:

(i) selecting a bacterium as the target microbe to be killed or deactivated;

(ii) providing an antimicrobial composition that kills or deactivates the bacterium, the antimicrobial composition comprising:

a carrier; and

a plurality of spherical-shaped, nonionic metal nanoparticles formed from silver or a silver alloy, formed by laser ablation, and having a mean diameter in a range of 7 nm to 12 nm to kill or deactivate the selected bacterium, wherein at least 99% of the spherical-shaped, nonionic metal nanoparticles have a diameter within +3 nm of the mean diameter, wherein the spherical-shaped, nonionic metal nanoparticles are present in the antimicrobial composition in a concentration of about 0.25 ppm to about 201 ppm;

(iii) applying the antimicrobial composition to the bacterium or to a substrate containing the bacterium; and

(iv) the metal nanoparticles killing or deactivating the bacterium without significant release of silver ions and with greater efficacy than chemically synthesized silver nanoparticles at the same concentration.

2 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the metal nanoparticles have a mean diameter in a range of 8 nm to 10 nm, and wherein at least 99% of the metal nanoparticles have a particle size within 30% of the mean diameter.

3 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the antimicrobial composition further comprises coral-shaped metal nanoparticles formed via laser ablation without crystalline growth, the coral-shaped metal nanoparticle having a non-uniform cross section and a globular structure formed by multiple, non-linear strands joined together without right angles.

4 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the spherical-shaped, nonionic metal nanoparticles comprise silver, gold, or an alloy of silver and gold.

5 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the carrier is a liquid in which the metal nanoparticles are colloidally dispersed.

6 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the substrate is a non-living object.

7 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the substrate is a living organism.

8 . A method of killing or deactivating a target microbe, comprising:

(i) selecting a bacterium as the target microbe to be killed or deactivated;

(ii) providing an antimicrobial composition that kills or deactivates the bacterium, the antimicrobial composition comprising:

a carrier; and

a plurality of spherical-shaped, nonionic metal nanoparticles formed from silver or a silver alloy, formed by laser ablation, and having a mean diameter in a range of 7 nm to 12 nm to kill or deactivate the selected bacterium, wherein at least 99% of the spherical-shaped, nonionic metal nanoparticles have a diameter within 30% of the mean diameter, wherein the plurality of spherical-shaped, nonionic metal nanoparticles are present in the antimicrobial composition in a concentration of about 0.25 ppm to about 1 ppm,

wherein the antimicrobial composition is non-toxic to humans and other animals;

(iii) applying the antimicrobial composition to the bacterium or to a substrate containing the bacterium; and

(iv) the metal nanoparticles killing or deactivating the bacterium without significant release of silver ions and without toxic effects to humans or other animals, wherein the antimicrobial composition reduces a number of Relative Light Unit counts to less than 1.5% from a control baseline at a 24-hour measurement period, the control baseline containing no spherical-shaped, nonionic metal nanoparticles.

9 . The method of claim 8 , wherein the antimicrobial composition further comprises coral-shaped metal nanoparticles formed via laser ablation without crystalline growth, the coral-shaped metal nanoparticle having a non-uniform cross section and a globular structure formed by multiple, non-linear strands joined together without right angles.

10 . The method of claim 8 , wherein the spherical-shaped, nonionic metal nanoparticles comprise silver, gold, or an alloy of silver and gold.

11 . The method of claim 8 , wherein the carrier is a liquid in which the metal nanoparticles are colloidally dispersed.

12 . The method of claim 8 , wherein the substrate is a non-living object.

13 . The method of claim 8 , wherein the substrate is a living organism.

14 . The method of claim 8 , wherein the antimicrobial composition is formulated to exhibit antibacterial efficacy against Escherichia coli at concentrations of 0.25 ppm by reducing a viable bacterial activity to below 1.5% of untreated controls within 24 hours.

15 . The method of claim 8 , wherein the antimicrobial composition is formulated to exhibit no observable toxicological effects in aquatic organisms after 24 hours of exposure.

16 . The method of claim 8 , wherein the antimicrobial composition is formulated to exhibit no significant toxicological effects on a full spectrum of blood cells after 24 hours of exposure.

17 . A method of killing or deactivating a target microbe, comprising:

(i) selecting a bacterium comprising Escherichia coli as the target microbe to be killed or deactivated;

(ii) providing an antimicrobial composition that kills or deactivates the bacterium, the antimicrobial composition comprising:

a carrier; and

a plurality of spherical-shaped, nonionic metal nanoparticles formed from silver or a silver alloy, formed by laser ablation, and having a mean diameter in a range of 7 nm to 12 nm to kill or deactivate the selected bacterium, wherein at least 99% of the spherical-shaped, nonionic metal nanoparticles have a diameter within 30% of the mean diameter, wherein the plurality of spherical-shaped, nonionic metal nanoparticles are present in the antimicrobial composition in a concentration of about 0.25 ppm to about 20 ppm,

wherein the antimicrobial composition is non-toxic to humans and other animals;

(iii) applying the antimicrobial composition to the bacterium or to a substrate containing the bacterium; and

(iv) the metal nanoparticles killing or deactivating the bacterium without significant release of silver ions and without toxic effects to humans or other animals, wherein the antimicrobial composition reduces a number of Relative Light Unit counts to less than 1.5% from a control baseline at both a 24-hour measurement period, the control baseline containing no spherical-shaped, nonionic metal nanoparticles.

Assignments (1)
ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNOR'S INTEREST Recorded Oct 25, 2022
From: NIEDERMEYER, WILLIAM H.
To: EVOQ NANO, INC.
Reel/Frame 061530/0254 →
Continuity (5)
Continuation In Part 16012508 · Jun 19, 2018
Division 14861243 · Sep 22, 2015
Provisional Application 62054154 · Sep 23, 2014
Provisional Application 62054152 · Sep 23, 2014
Related Publication 20220386619A1 · Dec 8, 2022
References Cited (346)
US 3133023A · Vogel · 1964 [cited by applicant]
US 4121017A · Dougherty et al. · 1978 [cited by applicant]
US 4515740A · Schuettenberg et al. · 1985 [cited by applicant]
US 5047448A · Tanaka et al. · 1991 [cited by applicant]
US 5227608A · Yoshida et al. · 1993 [cited by applicant]
US 5390864A · Alexander · 1995 [cited by applicant]
US 5585020A · Becker et al. · 1996 [cited by applicant]
US 5677075A · Fujita · 1997 [cited by applicant]
US 6051279A · Gualco et al. · 2000 [cited by applicant]
US 6232264B1 · Lukehart et al. · 2001 [cited by applicant]
US 6239453B1 · Yamada et al. · 2001 [cited by applicant]
US 6509070B1 · Voevodin et al. · 2003 [cited by applicant]
US 6660379B1 · Lakowicz et al. · 2003 [cited by applicant]
US 6720006B2 · Hanke et al. · 2004 [cited by applicant]
US 7014737B2 · Harutyunyan et al. · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 7252814B2 · De et al. · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 7332351B2 · Tan et al. · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 7371457B2 · Oldenburg et al. · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 7374730B2 · Simard et al. · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 7384560B2 · Martens et al. · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 7449679B2 · Plewa et al. · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 7509993B1 · Turng et al. · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 7527824B2 · Becker et al. · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 7553801B2 · Alexander et al. · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 7625637B2 · Kim · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 7662731B2 · Itoh et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 7682970B2 · Grigoropoulos et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 7700032B1 · Lu et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 7884160B2 · Wang et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 7967876B2 · Aradi et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 7985367B2 · Hiromatsu et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 8097233B2 · Porterat · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 8435602B1 · Seal · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 8490583B1 · Gardenier · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 8490586B2 · Ross et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 8524139B2 · Toth et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 8545577B2 · Tock et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 8685293B1 · Coppa et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 8709531B2 · Miller · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 8802234B2 · Che et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 8883865B2 · Difrancesco et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 8992815B2 · Hu et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 9259407B2 · Baker et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 9434006B2 · Niedermeyer · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 9463510B2 · Hendi et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 9512377B2 · Binder et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 9627713B2 · Moganty et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 9839652B2 · Tarbet et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 9849512B2 · Niedermeyer · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 9883670B2 · Niedermeyer · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 9885001B2 · Niedermeyer · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 9919363B2 · Niedermeyer · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 10099191B1 · Lu et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 10774429B2 · Tarbet et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 11018376B2 · Niedermeyer · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 11646453B2 · Niedermeyer · 2023 [cited by applicant]
US 20010031564A1 · Suzuki et al. · 2001 [cited by applicant]
US 20020051823A1 · Yan et al. · 2002 [cited by applicant]
US 20030012686A1 · Andresen et al. · 2003 [cited by applicant]
US 20030086859A1 · Kawakami et al. · 2003 [cited by applicant]
US 20030102099A1 · Yadav et al. · 2003 [cited by applicant]
US 20030108612A1 · Xu et al. · 2003 [cited by applicant]
US 20030129320A1 · Yu · 2003 [cited by applicant]
US 20030182972A1 · Reher et al. · 2003 [cited by applicant]
US 20030228525A1 · Kozawa et al. · 2003 [cited by applicant]
US 20040103936A1 · Andriessen · 2004 [cited by applicant]
US 20040214001A1 · Oldenburg et al. · 2004 [cited by applicant]
US 20050061779A1 · Blumenfeld et al. · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 20050061785A1 · Schroder et al. · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 20050153071A1 · Bouvrette et al. · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 20050158506A1 · Waki et al. · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 20050247866A1 · Plewa et al. · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 20050258149A1 · Glukhoy et al. · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 20050260276A1 · Yang et al. · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 20060049034A1 · Lee et al. · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 20060142853A1 · Wang et al. · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 20070003603A1 · Karandikar et al. · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 20070029185A1 · Tung · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 20070125196A1 · Zhong et al. · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 20070140951A1 · O'Brien et al. · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 20070141259A1 · House et al. · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 20070207335A1 · Karandikar et al. · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 20070269576A1 · Barton et al. · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 20070287202A1 · Maehashi et al. · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 20080006524A1 · Liu et al. · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 20080035682A1 · Coffey et al. · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 20080044148A1 · Robinson et al. · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 20080050448A1 · Wilson et al. · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 20080143021A1 · Ehrentraut et al. · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 20080161631A1 · Axtell et al. · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 20080241490A1 · Newman et al. · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 20080263940A1 · Parish et al. · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 20080292673A1 · Crudden · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 20090000186A1 · Sanders et al. · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 20090028947A1 · Rahman Nia · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 20090039316A1 · Hirai et al. · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 20090061230A1 · Berkei et al. · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 20090104179A1 · Boyden et al. · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 20090117268A1 · Lewis et al. · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 20090148484A1 · Lin et al. · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 20090175948A1 · Jiang · 2009 [cited by examiner]
US 20090191288A1 · Squires · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 20090214766A1 · Magdassi et al. · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 20090246530A1 · Murakami et al. · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 20100040655A1 · Ren et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 20100050872A1 · Lee · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 20100068299A1 · Van et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 20100072645A1 · Hiromatsu et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 20100080957A1 · Chinn et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 20100092367A1 · Porterat · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 20100154591A1 · Islam · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 20100167958A1 · Lin et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 20100172997A1 · Omary et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 20100180413A1 · Jeong · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 20100183739A1 · Newman · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 20100187091A1 · Pierce et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 20100196192A1 · Liu et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 20100212221A1 · Aradi · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 20100255110A1 · Yoon et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 20100272650A1 · Tsukada et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 20100272770A1 · De et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 20100301013A1 · Conneely et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 20110039078A1 · Brennan et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 20110052460A1 · Coffey et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 20110129536A1 · Donati et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 20110155643A1 · Tov et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 20110192450A1 · Liu et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 20110193025A1 · Ichikawa et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 20110196044A1 · Hu et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 20110197369A1 · Hinestroza et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 20110201527A1 · Lin et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 20110206753A1 · Karpov et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 20110228890A1 · Dean et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 20110244056A1 · Santra · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 20110297653A1 · Ehrentraut et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 20120070729A1 · Wertz et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 20120088066A1 · Aytug et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 20120094036A1 · Droege et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 20120124899A1 · Difrancesco et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 20120136164A1 · Ying et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 20120138347A1 · Bahnmueller et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 20120138862A1 · Hogan · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 20120164073A1 · Xu et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 20120174472A1 · Mills · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 20120183674A1 · Bonn-Savage et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 20120225021A1 · Qian et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 20120301528A1 · Uhlmann et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 20120301531A1 · Uhlmann et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 20120313200A1 · Jackrel et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 20120328701A1 · Edelson et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 20130001833A1 · Niedermeyer · 2013 [cited by examiner]
US 20130078510A1 · Reynolds et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 20130116369A1 · Qi et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 20130152823A1 · Fouda et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 20130203849A1 · Ben Yehuda · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 20130224477A1 · Xu et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 20130273116A1 · Jespersen et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 20130334104A1 · Halas et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 20130337189A1 · Miller · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 20130337998A1 · Irving et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 20140024026A1 · Alocilja et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 20140178513A1 · Matthews · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 20140221543A1 · Wang et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 20140274830A1 · Pol et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 20140288194A1 · Niedermeyer · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 20140322351A1 · Gawande et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 20140370293A1 · Johnson · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 20150008313A1 · Loboda et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20150030919A1 · Kozawa et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20150066135A1 · Weber et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20150190550A1 · Nusko et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20160081346A1 · Niedermeyer · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20160081347A1 · Niedermeyer · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20160082513A1 · Niedermeyer · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20160082514A1 · Niedermeyer · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20160083146A1 · Han · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20160083665A1 · Niedermeyer · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20160083901A1 · Niedermeyer · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20160144350A1 · Aizenberg et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20160287631A1 · Tarbet et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20160298243A1 · Tarbet et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20160372243A1 · Cassignol et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20170129975A1 · Hallinan et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 20170136112A1 · Pillich et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 20170166485A1 · Hong et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 20170209490A1 · Niedermeyer · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 20180078580A1 · Tarbet et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 20180126463A1 · Niedermeyer · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 20180282852A1 · Soloway · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 20180368417A1 · Niedermeyer · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 20190165426A1 · Niedermeyer · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 20190225498A1 · Ruiz et al. · 2019 [cited by applicant]
CA 2560837A1 · 2007 [cited by applicant]
CN 101128550A · 2008 [cited by applicant]
CN 101180372A · 2008 [cited by applicant]
CN 101415644A · 2009 [cited by applicant]
CN 101716684A · 2010 [cited by applicant]
CN 101932752A · 2010 [cited by applicant]
CN 101960070A · 2011 [cited by applicant]
CN 102120619A · 2011 [cited by applicant]
CN 102753628A · 2012 [cited by applicant]
CN 103700898A · 2014 [cited by applicant]
CN 103796946A · 2014 [cited by applicant]
CN 103891558A · 2014 [cited by applicant]
CN 103917546A · 2014 [cited by applicant]
CN 104014811A · 2014 [cited by applicant]
CN 107107199A · 2017 [cited by applicant]
CN 108091834A · 2018 [cited by applicant]
CN 111566854A · 2020 [cited by applicant]
DE 102005044360A1 · 2007 [cited by applicant]
EP 2140958A2 · 2010 [cited by applicant]
EP 2559436A1 · 2013 [cited by applicant]
EP 3197622A1 · 2017 [cited by applicant]
GB 2442051A · 2008 [cited by applicant]
JP 54069726A · 1979 [cited by applicant]
JP 11126634A · 1999 [cited by applicant]
JP 2006351465A · 2006 [cited by applicant]
JP 2007109618A · 2007 [cited by applicant]
JP 2008527169 · 2008 [cited by applicant]
JP 2010001528A · 2010 [cited by applicant]
KR 20060021749A · 2006 [cited by applicant]
WO 2005027255A1 · 2005 [cited by applicant]
WO 2005094501A2 · 2005 [cited by applicant]
WO 2006026026A2 · 2006 [cited by applicant]
WO 2006053225A2 · 2006 [cited by applicant]
WO 2006062826A2 · 2006 [cited by applicant]
WO 2006126823A1 · 2006 [cited by applicant]
WO 2008043396A1 · 2008 [cited by applicant]
WO 2008153239A1 · 2008 [cited by applicant]
WO 2009025955A1 · 2009 [cited by applicant]
WO 2009044146A1 · 2009 [cited by applicant]
WO 2009046081A2 · 2009 [cited by applicant]
WO 2009066011A2 · 2009 [cited by applicant]
WO 2009091900A1 · 2009 [cited by applicant]
WO 2011045627A1 · 2011 [cited by applicant]
WO 2012082364A1 · 2012 [cited by applicant]
WO 2013006430A2 · 2013 [cited by applicant]
WO 2013141879A1 · 2013 [cited by applicant]
WO 2014066850A2 · 2014 [cited by applicant]
WO 2014096556A2 · 2014 [cited by applicant]
WO 2014137352A1 · 2014 [cited by applicant]
WO 2014190097A1 · 2014 [cited by applicant]
WO 2016007112A1 · 2016 [cited by applicant]
WO 2016007113A1 · 2016 [cited by applicant]
WO 2016049132A1 · 2016 [cited by applicant]
Sahu et al., “Flower Shaped Silver Nanostructures: An Efficient Bacteria Exterminator”, A Search for Antibacterial Agents; Chapter 2; [online] retrieved from: http://www.intechopen.com/books/a-search-forantibacterial-ag… [cited by examiner]
Prabhu, S, et al. “Silver nanoparticles: mechanism of antimicrobial action, synthesis, medical applications, and toxicity effects” International Nano Letters 2012, 2:32 (Year: 2012). [cited by examiner]
Naftulin (https://www.sciencealert.com/a-deadly-fungus-is-spreading-across-the-world-and-we-don-t-know-how-to-stop-it) Apr. 9, 2019, pp. 1-4 (Year: 2019). [cited by examiner]
CDC “Marburg Virus Disease” (https://www.cdc.gov/marburg/about/index.html) May 1, 2024, pp. 1-5 (Year: 2024). [cited by examiner]
Ding et al. (CN 108091834 A Espacenet machine translation, 2018 (Year: 2018). [cited by applicant]
Phuoc et al, “Synthesis of Ag-deoionized water nanofluids using multi-beam laser ablation in fluids”, Optics and Lasers in Engineering 45 (2007) 1099-1106. [cited by applicant]
Prabhu et al., “Silver nanoparticles: mechanism of antimicrobial action, synthesis, medical applications, and toxicity effects”, International Nano Letters, 2012, 2:32, pp. 1-10. [cited by applicant]
Rawashdeh et al., “Antibacterial Mechanisms of Metallic Nanoparticles: A Review”, Dynamic Biochemistry, Process Biotechnology and Molecular Biology 2009 pp. 12-20. [cited by applicant]
Rhim, J-W. et al. “Preparation and characterization of bio-nanocomposite films of agarand silver nanoparticles: Laser ablation method” Carbohydrate Polymers 103 (2014) 456-465 (Year: 2014). [cited by applicant]
Riabinina et al., “Influence of pressure on the Pt nanoparticle growth modes during pulsed laser ablation”, Journal of Applied Physics 108, 034322 (2010, published online Aug. 12, 2010). [cited by applicant]
Samberg et al. (Nanotoxicology 2011 ;5(2):244-253) (Year: 2011). [cited by applicant]
Santos et al., “Enhancement of antibiotic effect via gold:silver-alloy nanoparticles”, J. Nanopart Res (2012) 14:859, pp. 1-8. [cited by applicant]
Sweeney et al., “Rapid Purification and Size Separation of Gold Nanoparticles via Diafiltration”, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 3190-3197 (Published on web Feb. 18, 2006). [cited by applicant]
Sylvestre et al., “Surface Chemistry of Gold Nanoparticles Produced by Laser Ablation in Aqueous Media”, J Phys. Chem. B 2004, 108, 16864-16869. [cited by applicant]
Thanaa Majied Al-Nori, “Antibacterial activity of Silver and Gold Nanoparticles against [cited by applicant]
Theodorou et al., “Inhalation of Silver Nanomaterials—Seeing the Risks”, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2014, 15, 23936-23974. [cited by applicant]
Tu et al. “Nanoporous Polymer-Ceramic Composite Electrolytes for Lithium Metal Batteries”, Adv. Energy Mater., 2014; 4: 1300654. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Appl. filed Apr. 1, 2016, Tarbet et al., U.S. Appl. No. 15/088,863. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Appl. filed Apr. 13, 2016, Tarrbet et al., U.S. Appl. No. 15/098,071. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Appl. filed Jan. 25, 2017, Niedermeyer., U.S. Appl. No. 15/415,562. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Appl. filed Jun. 19, 2018, Niedermeyer., U.S. Appl. No. 16/012,508. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Appl. filed Jun. 6, 2014, Neidermeyer., U.S. Appl. No. 14/298,593. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Appl. filed Jun. 6, 2014, Neidermeyer., U.S. Appl. No. 14/298,594. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Appl. filed Jun. 6, 2014, Neidermeyer., U.S. Appl. No. 14/298,598. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Appl. filed May 10, 2018, Niedermeyer., U.S. Appl. No. 15/976,447. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Appl. filed Nov. 29, 2017, Tarbet et al., U.S. Appl. No. 15/829,512. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Appl. filed Nov. 9, 2017, Niedermeyer., U.S. Appl. No. 15/808,088. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Appl. filed Sep. 22, 2015, Neidermeyer., U.S. Appl. No. 14/861,243. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Appl. filed Sep. 22, 2015, Neidermeyer., U.S. Appl. No. 14/861,318. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Appl. filed Sep. 22, 2015, Neidermeyer., U.S. Appl. No. 14/861,375. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Appl. filed Sep. 22, 2015, Neidermeyer., U.S. Appl. No. 14/861,442. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Appl. filed Sep. 22, 2015, Neidermeyer., U.S. Appl. No. 14/861,500. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Appl. filed Sep. 22, 2015, Neidermeyer., U.S. Appl. No. 14/861,562. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Appl. No. 15/098,071, filed Apr. 13, 2016, Tarbet et al. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Application Filed on Jun. 19, 2018, by Niedermeyer, U.S. Appl. No. 16/012,508. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Application Filed on Nov. 27, 2018, by Niedermeyer, U.S. Appl. No. 16/202,078. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Patent Application filed on Apr. 1, 2016, by Tarbet et al., U.S. Appl. No. 15/088,863. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Patent Application filed on Jan. 25, 2017, by Niedermeyer, U.S. Appl. No. 15/415,562. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Patent Application Filed on Jun. 6, 2014, by Neidermeyer, U.S. Appl. No. 14/298,594. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Patent Application Filed on Sep. 22, 2015, by Neidermeyer, U.S. Appl. No. 14/861,375. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Patent Application Filed on Sep. 22, 2015, by Neidermeyer, U.S. Appl. No. 14/861,442. [cited by applicant]
Xiang Dongxi, “Study of Silver-nanoparticles on antiviral action”, Journal of Dalian Medical University, vol. 31, No. 6, 2009. [cited by applicant]
Xinxia Yue, et al., “Preparation of silver nanoparticles by tea extracts and its application in the antibacterial finishing of cotton fabric”, 2014, Shanghai Textile Science & Technology, vol. 42, No. 5, p. 45-49. [cited by applicant]
Yuteng Wan et al., “Modification of coral-like SnO2 nanostructures with dense TiO2 nanoparticles for a self-cleaning gas sensor”, Talanta, vol. 99, pp. 394-403. [cited by applicant]
“International Coral Reef Initiative,““What are Corals””, downloaded from http://www.iciforum.org/about-on Sep. 5, 2017.” [cited by applicant]
Agnihotri, Shekar, et al., “Immobilized silver nanoparticles enhance contact killing and show highest efficacy: elucidation of the mechanism of bacterial action of silver,” Nanoscale, 2013. published Jan. 3, 2013. (Year… [cited by applicant]
Badawy et al., “Surface Charge-Dependent Toxicity of Silver Nanoparticles”, Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45, 283-287. [cited by applicant]
Barcikowski et al., “Generation of nanoparticle colloids by picosecond and femtosecond laser ablations in liquid flow”, Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 083113 (2007). [cited by applicant]
Chien et al., “Synthesis of nanoparticles: sunlight formation of gold nanodecahedra for ultra-sensitive lead-ion detection”, Green Chem., vol. 13, pp. 1162-1166, May 2011. [cited by applicant]
Choudhury et al. “A highly reversible room-temperature lithium metal battery based on crosslinked hairy nanoparticles”, Nature Communications, 2015; DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10101. [cited by applicant]
Correard et al.,“Gold nanoparticles prepared by laser ablation in aqueous biocompatible solutions: assessment of safety and biological identity for nanomedicine applications”, International Journal of Nanomedicine, Nov.… [cited by applicant]
Cox (https://microbiologysociety.org/blog/rabies-virus-can-we-treat-the-untreatable.html) Jun. 25, 2019, pp. 1-4 (Year: 2019). [cited by applicant]
Daissy Paredes, et al., “Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of antibacterial effect of Ag nanoparticles against [cited by applicant]
Examiner Interview Summary received for U.S. Appl. No. 16/202,078, mailed on Nov. 6, 2020, 3 pages. [cited by applicant]
Gogoi et al. (Langmuir 2006;22:9322-9328) (Year: 2006). [cited by applicant]
Guangnian Xu, et al.“Progress in preparation of nano-silver”, 2019, Materials Review, vol. 24, No. 11, p. 139-142. [cited by applicant]
Gui, M. et al. “Cryo-electron microscopy structures of the SARS-CoV spike glycoprotein reveal a prerequisite conformational state for receptor binding” Cell Research (2017) 27:119-129 (Year: 2017). [cited by applicant]
Gurevitch et al. “Nanocomposites of Titanium Dioxide and Polystyrene-Poly(ethylene oxide) Block Copolymer as Solid- State Electrolytes for Lithium Metal Batteries”, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2013; 160(9): … [cited by applicant]
Hamada et al., Espacenet machine translation for JP 2006-351465 A (Year: 2006). [cited by applicant]
Hamm et al. “Ionic conductivity enhancement of sputtered gold nanoparticle-in-ionic liquid electrolytes”, J Mater Chem A, 2014; 2(3): 792-803. [cited by applicant]
He et al. “Ionic liquid and nanoparticle hybrid systems: Emerging applications”, 2017. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 2017; 244: 54-70. [cited by applicant]
Hopp Bela et al, “Production of nanostructures on bulk metal samples by laser ablation for fabrication of low-reflective surfaces”, applied physics a materials science & processing, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, vol. 113,… [cited by applicant]
Hultin, “A Guide to Solvents and Reagents in Introductory Organic Chemistry for students in 2.222”, Obtained from https://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/hultin/chem2220/Support/solvents_and_reagent- s.pdf on Jan. 25, 2018, origin… [cited by applicant]
International Coral Reef Initiative, “What are Corals”, downloaded from http://www.iciforum.org/about-coral-reefs/what-are-corals on Sep. 5, 2017. [cited by applicant]
International Search Report and Written Opinion received for PCT Patent Application No. PCT/US2020/041796, mailed on Oct. 7, 2020, 9 pages. [cited by applicant]
International Search Report and Written Opinion received for PCT Patent Application No. PCT/US22/71448, mailed on Jun. 7, 2022, 9 pages. [cited by applicant]
International Search Report cited in PCT/US18/62864 dated Nov. 28, 2018. [cited by applicant]
International Search Report for PCT App. No. PCT/US2012/044907 dated Jan. 31, 2013. [cited by applicant]
International Search Report for PCT App. No. PCT/US2015/051638 dated Jan. 29, 2016. [cited by applicant]
International Search Report for PCT App. No. PCT/US2015/051639 dated Dec. 17, 2015. [cited by applicant]
International Search Report for PCT App. No. PCT/US2015/051640 dated Dec. 17, 2015. [cited by applicant]
International Search Report for PCT App. No. PCT/US2015/051642 dated Dec. 14, 2015. [cited by applicant]
International Search Report for PCT App. No. PCT/US2015/051643 dated Dec. 17, 2015. [cited by applicant]
International Search Report for PCT App. No. PCT/US2015/051646 dated Dec. 18, 2015. [cited by applicant]
International Search Report for PCT App. No. PCT/US2015/051649 dated Dec. 17, 2015. [cited by applicant]
Jacobson, “These six diseases should worry you more than Ebola”, Inside Energy Oct. 2014; [online] retrieved on Jan. 29, 2017 from http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/six-diseases-actually-worry/; 10 pages. [cited by applicant]
Jacobson, R. Inside Energy Oct. 2014; [online] retrieved on Jan. 29, 2017 from: http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/six-diseases-actually-worry/; 10 pages. [cited by applicant]
Jana et al., “Seeding Growth for Size Control of 5-40 nm Diameter Gold Nanoparticles”, Langmuir 2001, 17, 6782-6786. [cited by applicant]
Kewal K. Jain MD, FRACS, FFPM., “The Handbook of Nanomedicine” Humana Press, 2008. [cited by applicant]
Korf et al. “Piperidine tethered nanoparticle-hybrid electrolyte for lithium metal batteries”, J Mater. Chem., 2014; 2: 11866-11873. [cited by applicant]
Kozawa et al., Espacenet machine translation for JP 2007-109618A (Year: 2007). [cited by applicant]
Leisure Pro, “Coral Identification: Types of Coral (Part 1—Hard Coral)”, downloaded from http://www.leisurepro.com/blog/explorethe- blue/coral-identification-types-of-coral-part-1 on Sep. 2017. [cited by applicant]
Liu et al., “A novel coral-like porous SnO2 hollow architecture: biomimetic swallowing growth mechanism and enhanced photovoltaic property for dye-sensitized solar cell application”, Chem. Commun., vol. 46, pp. 472-474,… [cited by applicant]
Lu et al. “Ionic-Liquid-Nanoparticle Hybrid Electrolytes: Applications in Lithium Metal Batteries”, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2014; 53: 488-492. [cited by applicant]
Mafune et al., “Formation of Stable Platinum Nanoparticles by Laser Ablation in Water”, J. Phys. Chem. B 2003, 107, 4218-4223. [cited by applicant]
Malvern, “The use of the Malvern Zetasizer for the measurement of Zeta Potential”, article from the Internet, http://www.malvern.co.alLaboratory/zetaintm.htm> 10 pages, printed on Feb. 12, 2002. [cited by applicant]
Malvern, “Zeta Potential Theory, Dispersion stability”, article from the Internet, http://www.malvern.co.uk/Laboratory/zettheo.htm>, 3 pages, printed on Feb. 12, 2002. [cited by applicant]
Muller, M. “Bacterial Silver Resistance Gained by Cooperative Interspecies Redox Behavior” Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2018, 62 (8), 1-10 (Year: 2018). [cited by applicant]
Mycozil, “The Benefits of Colloidal Silver for Toenail Fungus”, http://www.nailfungustoenail.com/benefitsofcolloidalsilverfortoenailfungu- s.html. [cited by applicant]
Nakashima et al. “Preparation of fusion materials based on ionic liquids and cationic gold nanoparticles”, Polymer Journal, 2015; 47: 171-176. [cited by applicant]
NOAA Ocean Service Education, “Corals”, downloaded from https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/kits/corals/coral03_growth.html on Sep. 5, 2017. [cited by applicant]
Pal et al., “Does the Antibacterial Activity of Silver Nanoparticles Depend on the Shape of the Nanoparticle?”, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2007; 73(6): 1712-1720. [cited by applicant]
Pan et al. “Hybrid Electrolytes with Controlled Network Structures for Lithium Metal Batteries”, Adv. Mater., 2015; 27: 5995-6001. [cited by applicant]
International Preliminary Report on Patentability received for PCT Patent Application No. PCT/US15/051643, mailed on Apr. 6, 2017, 7 pages. [cited by applicant]
International Preliminary Report on Patentability received for PCT Patent Application No. PCT/US2018/062864, mailed on Jun. 11, 2020, 8 pages. [cited by applicant]
International Preliminary Report on Patentability received for PCT Patent Application No. PCT/US22/71448, mailed on Oct. 12, 2023, 6 pages. [cited by applicant]
International Search Report and Written Opinion received for PCT Patent Application No. PCT/US15/051643, mailed on Dec. 17, 2015, 8 pages. [cited by applicant]
International Search Report and Written Opinion received for PCT Patent Application No. PCT/US2018/062864, mailed on Feb. 8, 2019, 14 pages. [cited by applicant]
Ding et al., CN 108091834; Espacenet machine translation, 2018 (Year: 2018). [cited by applicant]
Xu et al., “Comparison of sizing small particles using different technologies”, Powder Technology, vol. 132, Feb. 10, 2003, pp. 145-153. [cited by applicant]
Yeh C-H. et al., “Physical and electrochemical characterization of PbO2 electrode prepared at different H2S04/H20/Pb0 ratios”, Journal of Power Sources IOI, Jan. 31, 2001, pp. 219-225. [cited by applicant]