Nanoparticle treated fabrics, fibers, filaments, and yarns and related methods
Nanoparticle treated fibrous articles, such as fabrics, fibers, filaments, or yarns, include a plurality of exposed, nonionic metal nanoparticles non-covalently affixed thereto. Metal nanoparticles, particularly spherical-shaped metal nanoparticles which have solid cores, can be strongly affixed to fibrous articles without covalently bonds and/or without being encapsulated within a polymer or adhesive. Spherical metal nanoparticles appear to adhere to fibrous articles by Van der Waals forces. Because they are nonionic, spherical nanoparticles are not easily removed by solvents, water, surfactants, and soaps and remain after several washings, sometimes up to 50 or more washings. Nonetheless, they readily detach from fibrous articles when contacted by microbes and then kill or denature the microbes. Coral-shaped nanoparticles can be used in conjunction with spherical nanoparticles to assist in affixing the spherical nanoparticles and/or by themselves or in combination with spherical particles to kill or denature microbes.
1. A nanoparticle treated fibrous article, comprising:
a fibrous article selected from a fabric, fiber, filament, or yarn; and
a plurality of exposed, nonionic, spherical-shaped metal nanoparticles free of angled edges or external bond angles,
the metal nanoparticles being formed through a laser-ablation process,
at least a portion of the metal nanoparticles being silver nanoparticles that provide effective microbial control without significant release of toxic silver ions, and
the metal nanoparticles being non-covalently affixed to the fibrous article through Van der Waals forces, without electrostatic forces, without being embedded within a fiber, filament, or yarn of the fibrous article, and without being encapsulated within a polymer or adhesive coating,
wherein the metal nanoparticles remain affixed to the fibrous article when exposed to one or more of water, soap, a surfactant, or a solvent.
2. A nanoparticle treated fibrous article as in claim 1 , wherein the nonionic metal nanoparticles further comprise at least one metal selected from the group consisting of gold, platinum, palladium, rhodium, osmium, ruthenium, rhodium, rhenium, molybdenum, copper, iron, nickel, tin, beryllium, cobalt, antimony, chromium, manganese, zirconium, tin, zinc, tungsten, titanium, vanadium, lanthanum, cerium, heterogeneous mixtures thereof, and alloys thereof.
3. A nanoparticle treated fibrous article as in claim 1 , wherein the nonionic metal nanoparticles have a mean diameter or length and wherein at least 99% of the metal nanoparticles have a diameter or length within 30% of the mean diameter or length.
4. A nanoparticle treated fibrous article as in claim 1 , wherein the nonionic metal nanoparticles have a ξ-potential of at least 10 mV.
5. A nanoparticle treated fibrous article as in claim 1 , wherein the nonionic metal nanoparticles have a solid core and a diameter of 40 nm or less.
6. A nanoparticle treated fibrous article as in claim 5 , wherein the spherical-shaped metal nanoparticles have a mean diameter and wherein at least 99% of the spherical-shaped nanoparticles have a diameter within ±3 nm of the mean diameter.
7. A nanoparticle treated fibrous article as in claim 1 , further comprising nonionic, metal, coral-shaped nanoparticles.
8. A nanoparticle treated fibrous article as in claim 7 , wherein the spherical-shaped nanoparticles comprise silver nanoparticles and the coral-shaped nanoparticles comprise gold nanoparticles.
9. A nanoparticle treated fibrous article as in claim 1 , wherein the nonionic metal nanoparticles non-covalently affixed to the fabric, fiber, filament, or yarn by Van der Waals forces remain affixed to the fabric, fiber, filament, or yarn when exposed to water, soaps, surfactants, and solvents but are selectively removeable when contacted by a microbe.
10. A method of manufacturing a nanoparticle treated fibrous article, comprising:
applying a nanoparticle composition comprised of a liquid carrier and a plurality of nonionic, metal nanoparticles to an outer surface of a fibrous article selected from a fabric, fiber, filament, or yarn, the metal nanoparticles being spherical-shaped and free of angled edges or external bond angles, and the nanoparticles being formed through a laser-ablation process,
wherein at least a portion of the metal nanoparticles being silver nanoparticles that provide effective microbial control without significant release of toxic silver ions; and
removing the liquid carrier to yield a nanoparticle treated fibrous article in which the nonionic, metal nanoparticles are exposed and non-covalently affixed to the fibrous article through Van der Waals forces, without electrostatic forces, and without being embedded within the fibrous article and without being encapsulated in a polymer or adhesive coating,
wherein the metal nanoparticles remain affixed to the fibrous article when exposed to one or more of water, soap, a surfactant, or a solvent.
11. A method as in claim 10 , wherein the liquid carrier is volatile and wherein applying the nanoparticle composition includes removing the volatile liquid carrier by evaporation.
12. A method as in claim 10 , wherein the nanoparticle composition is applied to the fibrous article by dry fogging.
13. A nanoparticle treated fibrous article formed by the method of claim 10 .
14. A nanoparticle treated fibrous article as in claim 13 , wherein the plurality of nonionic metal nanoparticles include beryllium nanoparticles and the fibrous article absorbs harmful radiation.
15. A nanoparticle treated fibrous article as in claim 13 , wherein the plurality of nonionic metal nanoparticles include cobalt nanoparticles and the fibrous article absorbs radar.
16. A nanoparticle treated fibrous article as in claim 13 , wherein the plurality of nonionic metal nanoparticles are configured to induce a phase shift of at least a portion of ultraviolet light incident upon the fibrous article.
17. A nanoparticle treated fibrous article as in claim 13 , wherein the fibrous article is electrically conductive.
18. A nanoparticle treated fibrous article, comprising:
a fibrous article selected from a fabric, fiber, filament, or yarn;
a plurality of exposed, solid, nonionic, spherical-shaped silver nanoparticles free of angled edges or external bond angles, the silver nanoparticles being non-covalently affixed to the fibrous article through Van der Waals forces, without electrostatic forces, without being embedded within the fibrous article, and without being encapsulated within a polymer or adhesive coating; and
a plurality of solid, nonionic, gold nanoparticles non-covalently affixed to the fibrous article,
wherein the silver nanoparticles remain affixed to the fibrous article when exposed to one or more of water, soap, a surfactant, or a solvent, and
wherein the silver nanoparticles provides an anti-odor effect via anti-microbial activity and the gold nanoparticles provides an independent anti-odor effect via catalyzing the breakdown of odorous molecules.
19. A nanoparticle treated fibrous article as in claim 1 , wherein the fibrous article, when subjected to multiple wash cycles in wash water, releases no detectable ionic silver into the wash water.
20. A method as in claim 10 , further comprising subjecting the fibrous article to multiple wash cycles in wash water, the fibrous article releases no detectable ionic silver into the wash water.