Conductive polymer coatings and methods of forming the same
Conductive polymer coatings and methods of forming the same are provided.
1. A method of forming an electrically conductive polymer coating on a surface, comprising the steps of:
contacting said surface with a gaseous metal-containing oxidant, thereby forming an oxidant-enriched surface; and
contacting said oxidant-enriched surface with a gaseous polymerizable species, thereby forming an electrically conductive polymer coating on said surface, wherein said gaseous polymerizable species is selected from the group consisting of metal-organic compounds, pyridines, phenanthrolines, furans, heteroarenes with more than one ring heteroatom, oligomers of thiophenes, oligomers of pyrroles, oligomers of anilines, benzenoid arenes, and non-benzenoid aromatic compounds;
wherein the surface has a first temperature at a first location, forming a coating with a first electrical conductivity at the first location, and wherein the surface has a second temperature at a second location, forming a coating with a second electrical conductivity at the second location.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein said electrically conductive polymer coating is formed by contacting said oxidant-enriched surface with more than one gaseous polymerizable species.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein said metal-organic compounds, pyridines, phenanthrolines, furans, heteroarenes with more than one ring heteroatom, benzenoid arenes, and non-benzenoid aromatic compounds are selected from the group consisting of monomers and oligomers.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein said electrically conductive polymer coating provides electromagnetic interference shielding.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein said electrically conductive polymer coating comprises impurities from the coating formation process.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the temperature of said surface is changed during formation of the conductive polymer coating.
7. A method of forming an electrically conductive polymer coating on a surface, comprising the steps of:
contacting said surface with a gaseous polymerizable species, thereby forming a polymerizable species-enriched surface, wherein said gaseous polymerizable species is selected from the group consisting of arenes, heteroarenes, and metal-organic compounds; and
contacting said polymerizable species-enriched surface with a gaseous metal-containing oxidant, thereby forming an electrically conductive polymer coating on said surface;
wherein the surface has a first temperature at a first location, forming a coating with a first electrical conductivity at the first location, and wherein the surface has a second temperature at a second location, forming a coating with a second electrical conductivity at the second location.
8. The method of claim 7 , further comprising contacting said surface with a subambient temperature medium.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein said subambient temperature medium is selected from the group consisting of a cold finger, a refrigerated stage, a thermoelectric cooler, and a cryogenically-cooled material.
10. The method of claim 7 , wherein said gaseous polymerizable species is selected from the group consisting of monomers and oligomers.
11. The method of claim 7 , wherein said heteroarenes are selected from the group consisting of thiophenes, pyrroles, pyridines, phenanthrolines, sequences of fused heteroarenes, and furans.
12. The method of claim 7 , wherein said polymerizable species-enriched surface is formed by contacting said surface with more than one gaseous polymerizable species.
13. The method of claim 7 , wherein said electrically conductive polymer coating provides electromagnetic interference shielding.
14. The method of claim 7 , wherein said electrically conductive polymer coating comprises impurities from the coating formation process.
15. A method of forming an electrically conductive polymer coating on a surface, comprising the steps of:
contacting the surface with a gaseous polymerizable species, thereby forming a polymerizable species-enriched surface, wherein the gaseous polymerizable species is selected from the group consisting of arenes, heteroarenes, and metal-organic compounds
contacting the polymerizable species-enriched surface with a gaseous metal-containing oxidant to initiate polymerization of the gaseous polymerizable species, thereby forming an electrically conductive polymer coating on said surface; and
exposing the electrically conductive polymer coating to a particle forming agent, thereby forming metallic particles within the electrically conductive polymer coating.
16. A method of forming an electrically conductive polymer coating on a surface comprising the steps of:
contacting said surface with a gaseous metal-containing oxidant and a gaseous polymerizable species, thereby forming an electrically conductive polymer coating on said surface, wherein said gaseous polymerizable species is selected from the group consisting of arenes, heteroarenes, and metal-organic compounds; and
exposing said electrically conductive polymer coating to a particle forming agent, thereby forming metallic particles within the electrically conductive polymer coating.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein said heteroarenes are selected from the group consisting of thiophenes, pyrroles, pyridines, phenanthrolines, sequences of fused heteroarenes, and furans.
18. The method of claim 16 , wherein said surface is contacted with more than one gaseous polymerizable species.
19. The method of claim 16 , wherein said arenes, heteroarenes, and metal-organic compounds are selected from the group consisting of monomers and oligomers.
20. The method of claim 16 , wherein said electrically conductive polymer coating is an n-type electrically conductive polymer.
21. The method of claim 16 , wherein contacting said surface with a gaseous metal-containing oxidant forms an oxidant-enriched surface, followed by contacting said oxidant-enriched surface with a gaseous polymerizable species, forming an electrically conductive polymer coating.
22. The method of claim 16 , wherein contacting said surface with a gaseous polymerizable species forms a polymerizable species-enriched surface, followed by contacting said polymerizable species-enriched surface with a gaseous metal-containing oxidant, forming an electrically conductive polymer coating.
23. The method of claim 16 , wherein said electrically conductive polymer coating provides electromagnetic interference shielding.
24. The method of claim 16 , wherein said electrically conductive polymer coating comprises impurities from the coating formation process.
25. The method of claim 15 , wherein the surface has a first temperature at a first location, forming a coating with a first electrical conductivity at the first location, and wherein the surface has a second temperature at a second location, forming a coating with a second electrical conductivity at the second location.
26. The method of claim 16 , wherein the surface has a first temperature at a first location, forming a coating with a first electrical conductivity at the first location, and wherein the surface has a second temperature at a second location, forming a coating with a second electrical conductivity at the second location.
27. The method of claim 15 , said heteroarenes are selected from the group consisting of thiophenes, pyrroles, pyridines, phenanthrolines, sequences of fused heteroarenes, and furans.
28. The method of claim 15 , said arenes are selected from the group consisting of benzenoid arenes, non-benzenoid aromatic compounds and anilines.
29. The method of claim 16 said arenes are selected from the group consisting of benzenoid arenes, non-benzenoid aromatic compounds and anilines.