Methods of fabricating solid oxide fuel cells
In various embodiments, a solid oxide fuel cell is fabricated in part by disposing a functional layer between the cathode and the solid electrolyte.
1. A method of operating a solid oxide fuel cell to generate electricity, wherein the solid oxide fuel cell comprises (i) an anode layer, (ii) a solid electrolyte layer disposed over the anode layer, (iii) a functional layer disposed over the solid electrolyte layer, wherein the thickness of the functional layer ranges from approximately 0.1 μm to approximately 20 μm, and (iv) a cathode layer disposed over the functional layer, the method comprising:
at an operating temperature (i) less than 550° C. and 300° C. or greater when a thickness of the functional layer is less than 5 μm, or (ii) greater than 550° C. and 800° C. or less when the thickness of the functional layer is greater than 5 μm:
ionizing oxygen at the cathode layer to produce oxygen ions;
conducting oxygen ions from the cathode layer to the anode layer; and
reacting oxygen ions with a hydrogen-containing fuel at the anode layer.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the functional layer comprises at least one of cobalt-doped gadolinium-doped ceria or cobalt-doped samarium-doped ceria.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cathode layer comprises at least one of lanthanum strontium cobalt ferrite, lanthanum strontium manganite, lanthanum strontium cobaltite, barium strontium cobalt ferrite, samarium strontium cobaltite, samarium-doped ceria, or gadolinium-doped ceria.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the solid electrolyte layer comprises at least one of yttria-stabilized zirconia, scandia-stabilized zirconia, lanthanum strontium magnesium gallate, samarium-doped ceria, or gadolinium-doped ceria.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the anode layer comprises a composite comprising nickel and yttria-stabilized zirconia.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the functional layer contains cobalt at a composition ranging from approximately 0.5 mol % to 5 mol %.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein (i) the functional layer contains cobalt and (ii) at least a first portion of the solid electrolyte layer contains cobalt.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein a concentration of cobalt in the first portion of the solid electrolyte layer is less than a concentration of cobalt in the functional layer.
9. The method of claim 7 , wherein a second portion of the solid electrolyte layer does not contain cobalt.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the first portion of the solid electrolyte layer is disposed between the functional layer and the second portion of the solid electrolyte layer.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the solid electrolyte layer consists of at least one of samarium-doped ceria, gadolinium-doped ceria, yttria-doped ceria, neodymium-doped ceria, praseodymium-doped ceria, or lanthanum-doped ceria.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the hydrogen-containing fuel comprises hydrogen and/or one or more hydrocarbons.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the thickness of the functional layer is greater than 5 μm and less than approximately 10 μm.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the thickness of the functional layer is greater than approximately 1 μm and less than 5 μm.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein a thickness of the solid electrolyte layer ranges from approximately 5 μm to approximately 40 μm.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the anode layer comprises yttria-stabilized zirconia, a doped ceria, and/or a ceramic oxide material containing strontium, iron, cobalt, and molybdenum.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the solid oxide fuel cell comprises an anode functional layer disposed between the anode layer and the solid electrolyte layer.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the anode functional layer comprises (i) a cermet of nickel oxide and gadolinium-doped ceria, and/or (ii) a ceramic oxide material containing strontium, iron, cobalt, and molybdenum.
19. The method of claim 17 , wherein a thickness of the anode functional layer ranges from approximately 5 μm to approximately 50 μm.
20. The method of claim 1 , wherein the operating temperature is less than 550° C. and greater than approximately 400° C.