Toner
A toner comprising a toner particle comprising a binder resin, wherein a layer comprising an organosilicon condensate is present on the surface of the toner particle; the layer comprising the organosilicon condensate further comprises a reaction product of a compound comprising at least one metal element selected from all the metal elements belonging to Groups 3 to 13, and a polyhydric acid; in a backscattered electron image of the toner captured at a magnification of 50,000 times by using a scanning electron microscope, an average value of an area of the reaction product is from 10 nm 2 to 5000 nm 2 , and a coefficient of variation of the area of the reaction product is not more than 10.0.
1. A toner comprising a toner particle, said toner particle comprising a binder resin and having a layer comprising an organosilicon condensate present on a surface of the toner particle;
the layer comprising the organosilicon condensate further comprising a reaction product of a polyhydric acid and a compound comprising at least one metal element selected from all the metal elements belonging to Groups 3 to 13, wherein
in a backscattered electron image of the toner captured at a magnification of 50,000 times using a scanning electron microscope, an average value of an area of the reaction product is 10 to 5000 nm 2 , and a coefficient of variation of the area of the reaction product is not more than 10.0.
2. The toner according to claim 1 , wherein the average value of the area of the reaction product is 10 to 2000 nm 2 .
3. The toner according to claim 1 , wherein a Pauling electronegativity of the metal element is 1.25 to 1.85.
4. The toner according to claim 1 , wherein the layer comprising the organosilicon condensate comprises a fine particle comprising a reaction product of a polyhydric acid and a compound comprising at least one metal element selected from all the metal elements belonging to Groups 3 to 13.
5. The toner according to claim 1 , wherein the organosilicon condensate is a condensate of at least one organosilicon compound represented by Ra (n) -Si-Rb (4-n)
where Ra independently represents a halogen atom or an alkoxy group, Rb independently represents an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an acyl group, an aryl group or a methacryloxyalkyl group, and n represents an integer of 2 to 4.
6. The toner according to claim 5 , wherein Rb independently represents an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
7. The toner according to claim 1 , wherein a content of a Si element on the toner particle surface measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is 0.1 to 40.0 atomic %.
8. The toner according to claim 1 , wherein the polyhydric acid is at least one selected from the group consisting of phosphoric acid and carbonic acid.
9. The toner according to claim 1 , wherein the reaction product is at least one selected from the group consisting of:
a reaction product of phosphoric acid and a compound including titanium,
a reaction product of phosphoric acid and a compound including zirconium,
a reaction product of carbonic acid and a compound including titanium, and
a reaction product of carbonic acid and a compound including zirconium.