Pipe bending for reel-lay operations
A method and apparatus for bending a pipe to mitigate internal wrinkling, with particular benefit when bending a lined pipe upon spooling. Bending is performed continuously by advancing the pipe through a bending zone while an internal mandrel is held at the bending zone to resist wrinkling. In one variant, the mandrel comprises longitudinally-spaced pipe-engaging elements and a tensile link between the elements allows relative movement between the elements. A holdback connection on one of the elements applies hold-back force to that element to be transmitted to the other element via the tensile link. In another variant, the mandrel comprises an elongate pipe-engaging body with a hold-back connection at one end of the body. The body is flexible to bend with the pipe and is shaped to engage an inner surface of the pipe along most of the length of the body.
1. An internal mandrel for resisting radially-inward deformation of an inner surface of a pipe during bending of the pipe along a longitudinal axis, the mandrel comprising:
longitudinally spaced pipe-engaging elements;
a tensile flexible or hinging link disposed between the pipe-engaging elements to allow relative angular movement between the pipe-engaging elements as the pipe bends;
a hold-back connection on one of the pipe-engaging elements to apply hold-back force to that pipe-engaging element, whereby the hold-back force is transmitted in use to another of the pipe-engaging elements by tension in the tensile link;
a pressure-equalisation duct extending longitudinally through the pipe-engaging elements of the mandrel; and
a pressure compartment defined between the pipe-engaging elements;
wherein the pressure compartment contains a fluid mass; and
wherein the fluid mass comprises a gel, wax or granular filler material.
2. The mandrel of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the pipe-engaging elements is a pipeline pig.
3. The mandrel of claim 2 , wherein the pig comprises longitudinally-spaced cups arranged to seal against the inner surface of the pipe.
4. The mandrel of claim 2 , wherein the pia comprises a foam body arranged to seal against the inner surface of the pipe.
5. The mandrel of claim 1 , wherein the fluid mass has pseudo plastic properties under pressure.
6. The mandrel of claim 1 wherein the link is of variable length to change the volume of the pressure compartment.
7. The mandrel of claim 1 further comprising a filling port extending longitudinally through at least one of the pipe-engaging elements and communicating with the pressure compartment.
8. The mandrel of claim 1 , further comprising an actuator acting between the pipe-engaging elements to effect relative movement between the pipe-engaging elements.
9. A pipe-bending apparatus for bending an elongate pipe section continuously along a longitudinal axis of the pipe section; the apparatus comprising:
an internal mandrel arranged to fit inside the pipe section to resist radially-inward deformation of an inner surface of the pipe section with respect to the longitudinal axis during bending;
an elongate tensile hold-back element arranged to extend internally along the pipe section from an external anchor to the internal mandrel to hold the internal mandrel at a bending zone as the pipe section advances longitudinally past the internal mandrel;
pressure-equalisation duct extending longitudinally through the pipe-engaging elements that form ends of the internal mandrel;
an external mandrel defining the bending zone; and
a drive for advancing the pipe section through the bending zone;
wherein a reel serves as the external mandrel and as the drive
wherein the internal mandrel is comprising:
longitudinally-spaced pipe-engaging elements;
a tensile flexible or hinging link disposed between the pipe-engaging elements to allow relative angular movement between the pipe-engaging elements as the pipe bends; and
a hold-back connection on one of the pipe-engaging elements to apply hold-back force to that pipe-engaging element, whereby the hold-back force is transmitted in use to another of the pipe-engaging elements by tension in the tensile link; and
a pressure compartment is defined between the pipe-engaging elements;
wherein the pressure compartment contained a fluid mass; and
wherein the fluid mass comprises a gel, wax or granular filler material.
10. The apparatus of claim 9 , wherein the anchor is spaced from the external mandrel to accommodate the pipe section between the anchor and the external mandrel.
11. The apparatus of claim 9 , further comprising a variable-length connection between the internal mandrel and the anchor.
12. The apparatus of claim 11 , wherein the anchor is a winch and the variable-length connection is a winch wire.
13. The apparatus of claim 9 , further comprising a sensor for measuring hold-back force applied to the internal mandrel to detect excessive resistance to movement of the pipe past the internal mandrel.