Fap-activated therapeutic agents, and uses related thereto
Disclosed are prodrugs of cytotoxic anthracyclines (such as doxorubicin) and other therapeutic agents that are selectively cleaved and activated by fibroblast activating protein (FAP). The prodrugs are useful for targeted delivery of cytotoxic and other agents to FAP-expressing tissues, including cancer (e.g., solid tumors). Also provided are pharmaceutical compounds comprising the prodrugs, as well as methods of using the prodrugs to treat a disorder characterized by FAP upregulation, e.g., cancer, fibrosis, and inflammation.
1. A prodrug represented by the general formula
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:
R 1 represents (C 1 -C 10 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 10 )alkoxy, (C 1 -C 10 )alkyl-C(O)—(C 1 -C 10 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl(C 1 -C 10 )alkyl, aryl, aryl(C 1 -C 10 )alkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroaryl(C 1 -C 10 )alkyl, wherein any R 1 is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxy, carboxylate, cyano, amino, nitro, and thio (—SH); or —C(═X)R 1 represents an N-terminally blocked alpha amino acid residue and X is O;
R 2 represents H or a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl;
R 3 represents H or a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl;
R 4 is absent or represents one, two or three substituents, each independently selected from a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, —OH, —NH 2 , or halogen;
X represents O or S;
Cyt′ represents a taxane; and
L represents a bond or a self-immolative linker which is metabolized after FAP cleavage of the prodrug to release the taxane,
wherein the prodrug is selectively converted to the taxane by FAP + stromal cells.
2. A prodrug represented by the general formula
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:
Cyt′ represents a taxane;
R 1 , when taken together as —C(=X)R 1 represents a moiety which at physiological pH reduces cell permeability of the prodrug relative to the taxane;
R 2 represents H or a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl;
R 3 represents H or a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl;
R 4 is absent or represents one, two, or three substituents, each independently selected from the group consisting of (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, —OH, —NH 2 , and halogen;
X represents O or S; and
L represents a bond or a self-immolative linker which is metabolized after FAP cleavage of the prodrug to release the taxane,
wherein the prodrug is selectively converted to the taxane by FAP + stromal cells.
3. A prodrug represented by the general formula
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:
R 1 represents a heteroaryl moiety;
R 2 represents H or a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl;
Cyt′ represents a taxane; and
L represents a bond or a self-immolative linker which is metabolized after FAP cleavage of the prodrug to release the taxane,
wherein the prodrug is selectively converted to the taxane by FAP + stromal cells.
4. The prodrug of claim 3 , wherein L is a self-immolative linker comprising a heterocycle.
5. The prodrug of claim 4 , wherein the self-immolative linker is selected from the group consisting of His-Ala, p-aminobenzyloxycarbonyl (PABC), and 2,4-bis(hydroxymethyl)aniline.
6. A pharmaceutical composition, comprising a prodrug of claim 3 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
7. The prodrug of claim 1 , wherein the taxane is selected from the group consisting of paclitaxel and docetaxel.
8. The prodrug of claim 2 , wherein the taxane is selected from the group consisting of paclitaxel and docetaxel.
9. The prodrug of claim 3 , wherein the taxane is selected from the group consisting of paclitaxel and docetaxel.
10. A pharmaceutical composition, comprising a prodrug of claim 1 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
11. A pharmaceutical composition, comprising a prodrug of claim 2 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
12. A paclitaxel prodrug having the formula
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.