Iron-rich permanent magnet
The disclosure is directed to an iron-nitride material having a polycrystalline microstructure including a plurality of elongated crystallographic grains with grain boundaries, the iron-nitride material including at least one of an α″-Fe 16 N 2 phase and a body-center-tetragonal (bct) phase comprising Fe and N. The disclosure is also directed a method producing an iron-nitride material. The method includes some combinations of preparing a raw material comprising iron, carrying out a microstructure build-up by annealing the prepared raw material at an elevated temperature and subsequently quenching the prepared raw material to produce a microstructure build-up material, annealing the microstructure build-up material, reducing the microstructure build-up material in a hydrogen environment, nitriding the reduced material to produce a nitrided material and subsequently quenching the nitrided material to a martensitic transformation temperature, stress annealing the nitrided material, and magnetic field annealing the stress-annealed material.
1. A permanent magnet comprising the iron-nitride material obtained by a method comprising:
preparing a raw material comprising iron;
carrying out a microstructure build-up by annealing the prepared raw material at an elevated temperature and subsequently quenching the prepared raw material to produce a microstructure build-up material; and
nitriding the microstructure build-up material to produce a nitrided material and subsequently quenching the nitrided material to a martensitic transformation temperature, stress annealing, and magnetic field annealing;
wherein the microstructure of nitrided material is a martensite morphology with plate-like shape;
wherein the material has a polycrystalline microstructure including a plurality of elongated, plate-like crystallographic grains with grain boundaries, comprising an α″-Fe 16 N 2 phase;
wherein the peak height of the Fe 16 N 2 (220) x-ray diffraction peak is greater than the peak height of the Fe 16 N 2 (202) x-ray diffraction peak of the material.
2. The iron-nitride material according to claim 1 , wherein at least one of the elongated, plate-like crystallographic grains has a grain aspect ratio of 1.5 or higher.
3. The iron-nitride material according to claim 1 , wherein at least one of the elongated, plate-like crystallographic grains has a width in a range of from 100 nm to 500 nm and a length in a range of from 1 μm to 5 μm.
4. The iron-nitride material according to claim 1 , wherein the martensite structure comprises an α″-Fe 16 N 2 phase and a body-center-tetragonal (bct) phase comprising Fe and N.
5. The iron-nitride material according to claim 1 , further comprising at least one of Cu and B.
6. The iron-nitride material according to claim 5 , further comprising a composition of Fe x Cu y B z Al w , wherein: y is in the range of from 1 wt % to 8 wt %, z is in the range of from about 0.01 wt % to about 3 wt %, Al is in the range of from 0.1 wt % to 10 wt %, and x is a remainder of the composition.
7. The iron-nitride material according to claim 1 , further comprising an antiferromagnetic phase.
8. The iron-nitride material according to claim 7 , wherein the antiferromagnetic phase comprises Fe x A y , wherein A is N, B, O or a combination thereof, wherein a ratio of x:y is in a range of from about 2:3 to about 3:1.
9. The iron-nitride material according to claim 1 , further comprising:
a body-centered distorted (BCT) region comprising one or more of the elongated, plate-like crystallographic grains with grain boundaries, wherein the plurality of elongated, plate-like crystallographic grains comprises an α″-Fe 16 N 2 phase.
10. The iron-nitride material according to claim 9 , wherein the BCT region comprises at least one of Ga, Al, P, N, O, B and C.
11. The iron-nitride material according to claim 9 , wherein the BCT region is morphologically elongated so that one or more of the grain boundaries form at least in part planar grain boundaries.
12. The iron-nitride material according to claim 11 , wherein the iron-nitride material has a crystallographic orientation with respect to a sample orientation parallel to at least one of the planar grain boundaries.
13. The iron-nitride material according to claim 1 , wherein the iron-nitride material is in a form of any of strip, foil, ribbon, sheet and plate.
14. The iron-nitride material according to claim 1 , wherein one or more dimensions of the iron-nitride material is 50 μm or more.
15. The iron-nitride material according to claim 1 , wherein one or more dimensions of the iron-nitride material is 0.1 mm or more.
16. The iron-nitride material according to claim 1 , wherein the material has a coercivity of 3 kOe or higher at room temperature.
17. The iron-nitride material according to claim 1 , wherein the material has a coercivity of 5 kOe or higher at room temperature.
18. The iron-nitride material according to claim 1 , wherein the material has a coercivity of 8 kOe or higher at room temperature.
19. The iron-nitride material according to claim 1 , wherein the material has a coercivity of 10 kOe or higher at room temperature.
20. The iron-nitride material according to claim 1 , wherein the material has a coercivity of 20 kOe or higher at room temperature.
21. The iron-nitride material according to claim 1 , wherein the material has a coercivity of 30 kOe or higher at room temperature.