Integrated photovoltaic and electrochromic windows
A variety of methods for integrating an organic photovoltaic-based SolarWindow™ module and electrochromic materials to create dynamic, variable transmittance, energy-saving windows and/or window films are described. Stand-alone or building integrated, independent or user-controllable, battery supported or building integrated, and insulated glass unit or aftermarket film implementations are all described, providing for a diversity of applications. Low-cost fabrication options also allow for economical production.
1. A two-pane insulated glass window unit (IGU) comprising:
an outer pane on a sun-ward side of the window unit;
an inner pane on an opposite side of the outer pane from the sun-ward side of the window unit;
wherein the outer pane is coated on an inside surface of the two-pane insulated glass window unit (IGU) with a semitransparent organic photovoltaic module including one or more cells connected in series and/or parallel, and
wherein the inner pane is coated on an inside surface of the two-pane insulated glass window unit (IGU) with a single-polarity electrochromic element,
the outer pane and the inner pane being electrically connected such that a voltage produced by the semitransparent organic photovoltaic module, when illuminated, drives the electrochromic element into a low visible light transmission (VLT) state;
a common transparent conducting electrode layered between the electrochromic element and the semitransparent organic photovoltaic module, the common transparent conducting electrode connecting organic photovoltaic cell(s) (anode) of the semitransparent organic photovoltaic module and an electrochromic device (cathode) of the electrochromic element, a photovoltaic cathode of the semitransparent organic photovoltaic module being electrically connected with an electrochromic anode of the electrochromic element;
a power source; and
a polarity inverter between the power source and the single-polarity electrochromic element.
2. The two-pane insulated glass window unit (IGU) of claim 1 , further comprising manual controls,
wherein the power source is a battery such that the two-pane insulated glass window unit (IGU) is configured to be completely self-contained and self-powered.
3. The two-pane insulated glass window unit (IGU) of claim 2 , wherein the outer pane and the inner pane are electrically connected and include the manual controls and the battery in parallel such that the single-polarity electrochromic element can be driven to a dark state in an absence of a photovoltage using power from the battery.
4. The two-pane insulated glass window unit (IGU) of claim 2 , wherein the semitransparent organic photovoltaic module charges the battery.
5. The two-pane insulated glass window unit (IGU) of claim 2 , wherein the polarity inverter is configured to enable the battery to be used to speed a bleaching process of the single-polarity electrochromic element.
6. The two-pane insulated glass window unit (IGU) of claim 2 , wherein the power source further includes a building power line.
7. The two-pane insulated glass window unit (IGU) of claim 6 , further comprising automatic controls,
wherein the power source is a battery, and
wherein the outer pane and the inner pane are electrically connected and include the automatic controls and the building power line in parallel such that the single-polarity electrochromic element can be driven to a dark state in an absence of a photovoltage using building power and the two-pane insulated glass window unit (IGU) can be configured to be self-contained and self-powered.
8. The two-pane insulated glass window unit (IGU) of claim 1 , wherein the power source includes a building power line.
9. The two-pane insulated glass window unit (IGU) of claim 8 , wherein the polarity inverter is configured to enable the semitransparent organic photovoltaic module to supply power to the building power line in order to provide power to one of a building, a local microgrid, and a power grid.
10. The two-pane insulated glass window unit (IGU) of claim 8 , wherein the polarity inverter is configured to enable power from the building power line to be used to speed a bleaching process of the single-polarity electrochromic element.
11. The two-pane insulated glass window unit (IGU) of claim 8 , further comprising manual controls,
wherein the outer pane and the inner pane are electrically connected and include the manual controls and the building power line in parallel such that the single-polarity electrochromic element can be driven to a dark state in an absence of a photovoltage using building power.
12. The two-pane insulated glass window unit (IGU) of claim 8 , further comprising automatic controls,
wherein the outer pane and the inner pane are electrically connected and include the automatic controls and the building power line in parallel such that the single-polarity electrochromic element can be driven to a dark state in an absence of a photovoltage using building power.
13. A flexible plastic film comprising:
a flexible and transparent substrate;
an electrochromic component;
a semitransparent organic photovoltaic component coated monolithically on top of the electrochromic component;
a common transparent conducting electrode layered between the electrochromic component and the semitransparent organic photovoltaic component, the common transparent conducting electrode connecting organic photovoltaic cell(s) (anode) of the semitransparent organic photovoltaic component and an electrochromic device (cathode) of the electrochromic component, a photovoltaic cathode of the semitransparent organic photovoltaic component being electrically connected with an electrochromic anode of the electrochromic component;
a power source; and
a polarity inverter between the power source and the electrochromic component.
14. The flexible plastic film of claim 13 , wherein the power source includes a battery,
the flexible plastic film further comprising one or more switching elements,
wherein the electrochromic component is configured to be driven to a dark state by the battery in an absence of a photovoltage.
15. The flexible plastic film of claim 13 , wherein the power source includes a battery,
the flexible plastic film further comprising one or more switching elements,
wherein the semitransparent organic photovoltaic component charges the battery.
16. The flexible plastic film of claim 13 , wherein the electrochromic component includes:
a first transparent conductor layer on the flexible and transparent substrate;
an electrochromic material on the first transparent conductor layer;
an ion conductor layer on the electrochromic material;
a counter electrode layer on the ion conductor layer; and
a second transparent conductor layer on the counter electrode layer,
the second transparent conductor layer forming the common transparent conducting electrode; and
wherein the semitransparent organic photovoltaic component includes:
a first contact layer on the second transparent conductor layer of the electrochromic component;
a bulk heterojunction (BHJ) on the first contact layer;
a second contact layer on the bulk heterojunction; and
a third transparent conductor layer on the second contact layer.
17. The flexible plastic film of claim 13 , wherein the power source includes a power line configured to be connect to a building power line,
the flexible plastic film further comprising one or more switching elements,
wherein the electrochromic component is configured to be driven to a dark state by power supplied by the power line in an absence of a photovoltage.
18. The flexible plastic film of claim 13 , wherein the power source includes a power line configured to be connect to a building power line,
the flexible plastic film further comprising one or more switching elements,
wherein the polarity inverter is configured to enable the semitransparent organic photovoltaic component to supply power to the building power line in order to provide power to one of a building, a local microgrid, and a power grid.
19. The flexible plastic film of claim 13 , wherein the polarity inverter is configured to enable power from a building power line to be used to speed a bleaching process of the electrochromic component.
20. A flexible plastic film comprising:
a flexible and transparent substrate;
an electrochromic component;
a semitransparent organic photovoltaic component coated monolithically on top of the electrochromic component;
a common transparent conducting electrode layered between the electrochromic component and the semitransparent organic photovoltaic component, the common transparent conducting electrode connecting organic photovoltaic cell(s) (anode) of the semitransparent organic photovoltaic component and an electrochromic device (cathode) of the electrochromic component, a photovoltaic cathode of the semitransparent organic photovoltaic component being electrically connected with an electrochromic anode of the electrochromic component; and
a polarity inverter connected to the electrochromic component.
21. The flexible plastic film of claim 20 , further comprising:
a power source including a battery connected to the polarity inverter, the flexible plastic film further comprising one or more switching elements, wherein the electrochromic component is configured to be driven to a dark state by the battery in an absence of a photovoltage.
22. The flexible plastic film of claim 13 , further comprising:
a power source including a power line configured to be connect to a building power line, the flexible plastic film further comprising one or more switching elements, wherein the electrochromic component is configured to be driven to a dark state by power supplied by the power line in an absence of a photovoltage.
23. The flexible plastic film of claim 13 , further comprising:
a power source including a power line configured to be connect to a building power line, the flexible plastic film further comprising one or more switching elements, wherein the polarity inverter is configured to enable the semitransparent organic photovoltaic component to supply power to the building power line in order to provide power to one of a building, a local microgrid, and a power grid.
24. The flexible plastic film of claim 20 , wherein the electrochromic component includes:
a first transparent conductor layer on the flexible and transparent substrate;
an electrochromic material on the first transparent conductor layer;
an ion conductor layer on the electrochromic material;
a counter electrode layer on the ion conductor layer; and
a second transparent conductor layer on the counter electrode layer,
the second transparent conductor layer forming the common transparent conducting electrode; and
wherein the semitransparent organic photovoltaic component includes:
a first contact layer on the second transparent conductor layer of the electrochromic component;
a bulk heterojunction (BHJ) on the first contact layer;
a second contact layer on the bulk heterojunction; and
a third transparent conductor layer on the second contact layer.