Blister-free polycrystalline silicon for solar cells
Described herein are methods of fabricating solar cells. In an example, a method of fabricating a solar cell includes forming an amorphous dielectric layer on the back surface of a substrate opposite a light-receiving surface of the substrate. The method also includes forming a microcrystalline silicon layer on the amorphous dielectric layer by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). The method also includes forming an amorphous silicon layer on the microcrystalline silicon layer by PECVD. The method also includes annealing the microcrystalline silicon layer and the amorphous silicon layer to form a homogeneous polycrystalline silicon layer from the microcrystalline silicon layer and the amorphous silicon layer. The method also includes forming an emitter region from the homogeneous polycrystalline silicon layer.
1. A method of fabricating a solar cell, the method comprising:
forming a first silicon layer over a first thin dielectric layer formed on a back surface of a substrate;
forming an insulating layer on the first silicon layer;
patterning the insulating layer and the first silicon layer to form first silicon regions having an insulating cap thereon and to expose portions of the substrate;
forming a second thin dielectric layer on the exposed portions of the substrate;
forming a third thin dielectric layer on the first silicon regions;
forming a second amorphous silicon layer over the second and third thin dielectric layers by PECVD, wherein the third thin dielectric layer is formed laterally directly between the first silicon regions and the second amorphous silicon layer;
heating the first silicon regions to form first polycrystalline silicon regions and heating the second amorphous silicon layer to form a second polycrystalline silicon layer; and
forming conductive contacts to the first polycrystalline silicon regions and to the second polycrystalline silicon layer.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein forming the first silicon layer over a first thin dielectric layer comprises forming the first silicon layer by low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD).
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein forming the first silicon layer over a first thin dielectric layer comprises:
forming a first microcrystalline silicon layer on the first thin dielectric layers by PECVD; and
forming a first amorphous silicon layer on the first microcrystalline silicon layer by PECVD.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein forming a second amorphous silicon layer over a first thin dielectric layer comprises:
forming a second microcrystalline silicon layer on the second and third thin dielectric layers by PECVD; and
forming a second amorphous silicon layer on the second microcrystalline silicon layer by PECVD.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein forming the second microcrystalline silicon layers comprises depositing the second microcrystalline silicon by PECVD at a deposition rate approximately in the range of 10-40 nanometers per minute.
6. The method of claim 4 , wherein forming the second microcrystalline silicon layer comprises forming the second microcrystalline silicon layer to a thickness approximately in the range of 2-50 nanometers, and wherein forming the second amorphous silicon layer comprises forming the second amorphous silicon layer to a thickness approximately in the range of 50-400 nanometers.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the heating comprises heating at a temperature above approximately 400 degrees Celsius for a duration of approximately 10 minutes.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein forming the second amorphous silicon layer by PECVD comprises forming a second microcrystalline silicon layer on the second thin dielectric layer and the second amorphous silicon layer on the second microcrystalline silicon layer by PECVD in a first single pass of the PECVD chamber.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein forming the second amorphous silicon layer comprises depositing the second amorphous silicon by PECVD at a deposition rate approximately in the range of 50-400 nanometers per minute.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein forming first silicon layer comprises forming first silicon layer having a N-type or P-type conductivity.
11. A method of fabricating a solar cell, the method comprising:
forming a first amorphous silicon layer over a first thin dielectric layer formed on a back surface of a substrate, the first amorphous silicon layer formed by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD);
forming an insulating layer on the first amorphous silicon layer;
patterning the insulating layer and the first amorphous silicon layer to form first amorphous silicon regions having an insulating cap thereon and to expose portions of the substrate;
forming a second thin dielectric layer on the exposed portions of the substrate;
forming a third thin dielectric layer on the first amorphous silicon regions;
forming a second amorphous silicon layer over the second and third thin dielectric layers by PECVD, wherein the third thin dielectric layer is formed laterally directly between the first amorphous silicon regions and the second amorphous silicon layer;
heating the first amorphous silicon regions to form first polycrystalline silicon regions and heating the second amorphous silicon layer to form a second polycrystalline silicon layer, wherein the first and second polycrystalline silicon regions each comprise a blister-free polycrystalline silicon emitter region; and
forming conductive contacts to the first polycrystalline silicon regions and to the second polycrystalline silicon layer.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein forming a first amorphous silicon layer over a first thin dielectric layer comprises:
forming a first microcrystalline silicon layer on a first thin dielectric layer formed on a back surface of a substrate, the first microcrystalline silicon layer formed by PECVD; and
forming the first amorphous silicon layer on the first microcrystalline silicon layer by PECVD.
13. The method of claim 11 , wherein forming a second amorphous silicon layer over a first thin dielectric layer comprises:
forming a second microcrystalline silicon layer on the second thin dielectric layer by PECVD; and
forming the second amorphous silicon layer on the second microcrystalline silicon layer by PECVD.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein forming the second microcrystalline silicon layers comprises depositing microcrystalline silicon by PECVD at a deposition rate approximately in the range of 10-40 nanometers per minute.
15. The method of claim 13 , wherein forming the second amorphous silicon layer comprises depositing amorphous silicon by PECVD at a deposition rate approximately in the range of 50-400 nanometers per minute.
16. The method of claim 13 , wherein forming the second microcrystalline silicon layer comprises forming the second microcrystalline silicon layer to a thickness approximately in the range of 2-50 nanometers, and wherein forming the second amorphous silicon layer comprises forming the second amorphous silicon layer to a thickness approximately in the range of 50-400 nanometers.
17. The method of claim 13 , wherein forming the second amorphous silicon layer by PECVD comprises forming a second microcrystalline silicon layer on the first thin dielectric layer and the second amorphous silicon layer on the second microcrystalline silicon layer by PECVD in a first single pass of a PECVD chamber, and wherein forming the second amorphous silicon layer by PECVD comprises forming a second microcrystalline silicon layer on the second thin dielectric layer and the second amorphous silicon layer on the second microcrystalline silicon layer by PECVD in a second single pass of the PECVD chamber.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the heating comprises heating at a temperature above approximately 400 degrees Celsius for a duration of approximately 10 minutes.
19. The method of claim 11 , wherein forming a first amorphous silicon layer over a first thin dielectric layer comprises forming a N-type or P-type amorphous silicon layer over a first thin dielectric.
20. The method of claim 11 , wherein forming the first, second and third thin dielectric layers comprises forming first, second and third amorphous dielectric layers.