Apparatus and method for non-invasively measuring blood pressure of mammal subject
Provided are apparatuses and methods for non-invasively measuring a blood pressure of a mammal subject. The apparatus includes a first sensor system and a second sensor system time-synchronized to each other and spatially separated by a pulse arrival distance L, and a microcontroller unit (MCU). The first and second sensor systems are respectively attached to first and second positions of the mammal subject for detecting first and second signals. The second position is more distal or proximal to a heart of the mammal subject than the first position. The MCU processes the output signals to determine a pulse arrival time (PAT) as a time delay Δt between detections of the first and second signals, and determines a pulse wave velocity (PWV) based on the PAT and L, where PWV = L Δ t . Then the MCU determines the blood pressure P from the PWV, where P is a parabolic function of the PWV.
1. An apparatus for non-invasively measuring a blood pressure of a mammal subject, comprising:
a first sensor system and a second sensor system that are time-synchronized to each other and spatially separated by a pulse arrival distance L, wherein the first sensor system is attached to a first position of the mammal subject for detecting a first signal, the second sensor system attached to a second position of the mammal subject for detecting a second signal, the second position is more distal or proximal to a heart of the mammal subject than the first position, and the pulse arrival distance L is defined by the first and second positions, wherein each of the first sensor system and the second sensor system comprises:
a plurality of electronic components, and a plurality of flexible and stretchable interconnects electrically connected to different electronic components, wherein the plurality of electronic components comprise a sensor member for measuring the first signal or the second signal of the mammal subject;
an elastomeric encapsulation layer at least partially surrounding the plurality of electronic components and the plurality of flexible and stretchable interconnects to form a tissue-facing surface operably attached to the mammal subject and an environment-facing surface; and
a microfluidic chamber formed between the tissue-facing surface and the plurality of electronic components in the elastomeric encapsulation layer;
wherein the sensor member of the first sensor system includes at least one electrode, and the microfluidic chamber of the first sensor system has at least one through openings defined therethrough such that during use the at least one electrode is directly in epidermal contact with a skin surface of the mammal subject through the at least one opening for detecting the first signal; and
a microcontroller unit (MCU) adapted in wireless communication with the first sensor system and the second sensor system, and configured to:
receive output signals of the first sensor system and the second sensor system;
process the output signals to determine a pulse arrival time (PAT) as a time delay Δt between detection of the first signal and detection of the second signal;
determine a pulse wave velocity (PWV) based on the PAT and the pulse arrival distance L, wherein
PWV
=
L
Δ
t
;
and
determine the blood pressure P of the mammal subject from the PWV, wherein P is a parabolic function of the PWV.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein P=αPWV 2 +β, and a and B are empirically determined constants depending on artery geometry and artery material properties of the mammal subject.
3. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein at a blood pressure range between 5 kPA and 20 kPa,
0.13 kPa×s 2 /m 2 ≤α≤0.23 kPa×s 2 /m 2 ; and
2.2 kPa≤β≤3.2 kPa.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the MCU is further configured to transmit the determined blood pressure to at least one of a patient database, a cloud server, and a mobile device.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the MCU is further configured to generate an alarm when the determined blood pressure is out of a pre-defined range, and notify a practitioner or caregiver of the alarm.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of flexible and stretchable interconnects comprise at least one of serpentine interconnects and zigzag interconnects.
7. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the first sensor system is an electrocardiography (ECG) system, and the second sensor system is a photoplethysmography (PPG) sensor system.
8. The apparatus of claim 7 , wherein the sensor member of the first sensor system comprises at least two ECG electrodes spatially separated from each other by an electrode distance.
9. The apparatus of claim 7 , wherein the sensor member of the second sensor system comprises a photoplethysmogram (PPG) sensor comprising an optical source and an optical detector located within a sensor footprint.
10. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the first sensor system is an inertial motion sensor system or an accelerometer system.
11. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the first position is at a torso region of the mammal subject, and the second position is at an extremity region of the mammal subject.
12. The apparatus of claim 1 , being used for continuously measuring the blood pressure of the mammal subject for a time period.
13. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein each system is in wireless communication with the MCU via a near field communication (NFC) protocol, or Bluetooth protocol.
14. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the mammal subject is a human subject or a non-human subject.
15. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the microfluidic chamber is at least partially filled with at least one of an ionic liquid and a gel.
16. The apparatus of claim 15 , wherein the ionic liquid in the microfluidic chamber contains a dye for visualization.
17. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the at least one electrode includes a pair of electrodes spatially separated from each other by an electrode distance for ECG generation.
18. The apparatus of claim 17 , wherein each of the pair of electrodes is either a mesh electrode or a solid electrode.
19. An apparatus for non-invasively measuring blood pressure of a mammal subject, comprising:
a sensing apparatus attached to the mammal subject, comprising:
a first sensor system operably attached to a first position of the mammal subject for detecting a first signal; and
a second sensor system operably attached to a second position of the mammal subject for detecting a second signal,
wherein the second position is more distal or proximal to a heart of the mammal subject than the first position, and the first sensor system and the second sensor system are time-synchronized, and spatially separated by a pulse arrival distance L defined by the first and second positions; and
wherein each of the first sensor system and the second sensor system comprises a plurality of electronic components, and a plurality of flexible and stretchable interconnects electrically connected to different electronic components, wherein the plurality of electronic components comprise a sensor member for measuring the first signal or the second signal of the mammal subject; an elastomeric encapsulation layer at least partially surrounding the plurality of electronic components and the plurality of flexible and stretchable interconnects to form a tissue-facing surface operably attached to the mammal subject and an environment-facing surface; and a microfluidic chamber formed between the tissue-facing surface and the plurality of electronic components in the elastomeric encapsulation layer;
wherein the sensor member of the first sensor system includes at least one electrode, and the microfluidic chamber of the first sensor system has at least one through openings defined therethrough such that during use the at least one electrode is directly in epidermal contact with a skin surface of the mammal subject through the at least one opening for detecting the first signal; and
a microcontroller unit (MCU) in wireless communication with the sensor systems, configured to:
receive output signals of the first sensor system and the second sensor system;
process the output signals to determine a pulse wave velocity (PWV) based on a pulse arrival time (PAT), wherein the PAT is a time delay Δt between detection of the first signal and detection of the second signal; and
determine a blood pressure P of the mammal subject from the PWV.
20. The apparatus of claim 19 , wherein the MCU is further configured to determine the PWV by:
determining the PAT as the time delay Δt between the detection of the first signal and the detection of the second signal; and
determining the PWV based on the PAT and the pulse arrival distance L, wherein
PWV
=
L
Δ
t
.
21. The apparatus of claim 19 , wherein the blood pressure P of the mammal subject is calculated from the PWV according to the formula of:
P=αPWV 2 +β,
wherein α and β are empirically determined constants depending on artery geometry and artery material properties of the mammal subject.
22. The apparatus of claim 21 , wherein at a blood pressure range between 5 kPa and 20 kPa,
0.13 kPa×s 2 /m 2 ≤α≤0.23 kPa×s 2 /m 2 ; and
2.2 kPa≤β≤3.2 kPa.
23. The apparatus of claim 19 , wherein the MCU is further configured to transmit the determined blood pressure to at least one of a patient database, a cloud server, and a mobile device.
24. The apparatus of claim 19 , wherein the MCU is further configured to generate an alarm the determined blood pressure is out of a pre-defined range, and notify a practitioner or caregiver of the alarm.
25. The apparatus of claim 19 , wherein the plurality of flexible and stretchable interconnects comprise at least one of serpentine interconnects and zigzag interconnects.
26. The apparatus of claim 19 , wherein the first sensor system is an electrocardiography (ECG) system, and the second sensor system is a photoplethysmography (PPG) sensor system.
27. The apparatus of claim 26 , wherein the sensor member of the first sensor system comprises at least two ECG electrodes spatially separated from each other by an electrode distance.
28. The apparatus of claim 26 , wherein the sensor member of the second sensor system comprises a photoplethysmogram (PPG) sensor comprising an optical source and an optical detector located within a sensor footprint.
29. The apparatus of claim 19 , wherein the first sensor system is an inertial motion sensor system or an accelerometer system.
30. The apparatus of claim 19 , wherein the first position is at a torso region of the mammal subject, and the second position is at an extremity region of the mammal subject.
31. The apparatus of claim 19 , wherein each of the first sensor system and the second sensor system is in wireless communication with the MCU via a near field communication (NFC) protocol, or Bluetooth protocol.
32. A method of non-invasively measuring blood pressure of a mammal subject, comprising:
utilizing a sensing apparatus with the mammal subject, wherein the sensing apparatus is in wireless communication with a microcontroller unit (MCU), and comprises a first sensor system attached to a first position of the mammal subject for measuring a first signal and a second sensor system attached to a second position of the mammal subject for measuring a second signal, the second position is more distal or proximal to a heart of the mammal subject than the first position, and the first sensor system and the second sensor system are time-synchronized, and spatially separated by a pulse arrival distance L defined by the first and second positions, wherein each of the first sensor system and the second sensor system comprises a plurality of electronic components, and a plurality of flexible and stretchable interconnects electrically connected to different electronic components, wherein the plurality of electronic components comprise a sensor member for measuring the first signal or the second signal of the mammal subject; an elastomeric encapsulation layer at least partially surrounding the plurality of electronic components and the plurality of flexible and stretchable interconnects to form a tissue-facing surface operably attached to the mammal subject and an environment-facing surface; and a microfluidic chamber formed between the tissue-facing surface and the plurality of electronic components in the elastomeric encapsulation layer; wherein the sensor member of the first sensor system includes at least one electrode, and the microfluidic chamber of the first sensor system has at least one through openings defined therethrough such that during use the at least one electrode is directly in epidermal contact with a skin surface of the mammal subject through the at least one opening for detecting the first signal;
measuring, by the sensing apparatus, the first signal and the second signal of the mammal subject;
processing, by the MCU, output signals of the first sensor system and the second sensor system to determine a pulse wave velocity (PWV) based on a pulse arrival time (PAT), wherein the PAT is a time delay Δt between detection of the first signal and detection of the second signal; and
determining a blood pressure P of the mammal subject from the PWV.
33. The method of claim 32 , wherein said determining the PWV comprises:
determining the PAT as the time delay Δt between the detection of the first signal and the detection of the second signal; and
determining the PWV based on the PAT and the pulse arrival distance L, wherein
PWV
=
L
Δ
t
.
34. The method of claim 33 , wherein the blood pressure P of the mammal subject is calculated from the PWV according to the formula of:
P=αPWV 2 +β,
wherein α and β are empirically determined constants depending on artery geometry and artery material properties of the mammal subject.
35. The method of claim 34 , wherein at a blood pressure range between 5 kPa and 20 kPa,
0.13 kPa×s 2 /m 2 ≤α≤0.23 kPa×s 2 /m 2 ; and
2.2 kPa≤β≤3.2 kPa.
36. The method of claim 32 , further comprising transmitting the determined blood pressure to at least one of a patient database, a cloud server, and a mobile device.
37. The method of claim 32 , further comprising generating an alarm the determined blood pressure is out of a pre-defined range, and notify a practitioner or caregiver of the alarm.
38. The method of claim 32 , wherein the first sensor system is an electrocardiography (ECG) system, and the second sensor system is a photoplethysmography (PPG) sensor system.
39. The method of claim 32 , wherein the first sensor system is an inertial motion sensor system or an accelerometer system.
40. The method of claim 32 , wherein the first position is at a torso region of the mammal subject, and the second position is at an extremity region of the mammal subject.
41. The method of claim 32 , wherein each of the first sensor system and the second sensor system is in wireless communication with the MCU via a near field communication (NFC) protocol, or Bluetooth protocol.
42. A non-transitory tangible computer-readable medium storing instructions which, when executed by one or more processors, cause the method of claim 32 to be performed.