Three-dimensional integrated stretchable electronics
A method of fabricating a stretchable and flexible electronic device includes forming each of the functional layers is by: (i) forming on an elastomer substrate a conductive interconnect pattern having islands interconnected by bridges; (ii) applying a conductive paste to the islands; (iii) positioning at least one functional electronic component on each island; and (iv) applying heat to cause the conductive paste to reflow. An elastomer encapsulant is formed over the functional electronic components and the conductive interconnect pattern on each of the functional layers. The elastomer encapsulant has a Young's modulus equal to or less than that of the substrate. The encapsulant includes a pigment to increase absorption of laser light. At least one via is laser ablated, which provides electrical connection to any two functional layers. The via is filled with solder paste to create a bond and electrical connection between the functional layers.
1. A method of fabricating a stretchable and flexible electronic device, comprising
forming at least three functional layers, by, for each of the functional layers;
forming a conductive interconnect pattern on an elastomer substrate, the conductive interconnect structure including islands interconnected by bridges;
applying a conductive paste to the islands;
positioning at least one functional electronic component on each of the islands;
applying heat to cause the conductive paste to reflow;
forming an elastomer encapsulant over the functional electronic components and the conductive interconnect pattern on each of the functional layers, the elastomer encapsulant having a Young's modulus equal to or less than a Young's modulus of the elastomer substrate, the elastomer encapsulant including a colored pigment that increases absorption of a selected laser wavelength by the elastomer encapsulant;
stacking the functional layers one over another;
laser ablating at least one via that provides electrical connection to any two layers in the three functional layers using laser light at the selected laser wavelength; and
filling the at least one via with solder paste and applying heat to cause the conductive paste to reflow, thereby establishing a bond and an electrical connection between the functional layers.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein forming the elastomer encapsulant includes spin coating the elastomer encapsulant over the functional electronic components and the conductive interconnect pattern on each of the functional layers.
3. The method of claim 1 further comprising defining the conductive interconnect pattern by laser ablating a predefined pattern in a bilayer that includes a metal layer and a polymide layer disposed on a substrate and transferring the conductive interconnect pattern to the functional layer using a water-soluble tape.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein filling the at least one via with solder paste includes dispensing solder paste into the at least one via by screen printing or dropping casting.
5. The method of claim 1 further comprising establishing an electrical connection between two of the functional layers by vertically arranging a zero-resistance jumper between the two functional layers.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein the bridges interconnecting the islands in the conductive interconnect pattern have a serpentine configuration.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein the functional electronic components are selected from the group consisting of sensors, active electronic components, and passive electronic components.
8. The method of claim 7 wherein the active electronic components are selected from the group consisting of amplifiers and RF components.
9. The method of claim 1 wherein the passive electronic components are selected from the group consisting of resistors, capacitors, and inductors.
10. The method of claim 1 wherein at least one of the functional electronic components includes a multichannel sensing system having a wireless communication circuit.
11. The method of claim 1 wherein at least one of the functional electronic components includes an accelerometer.
12. The method of claim 11 wherein at least another of the functional electronic components includes a gyroscope.
13. The method of claim 11 wherein at least another of the functional electronic components includes a strain sensor.
14. The method of claim 11 wherein at least another of the functional electronic components includes a temperature sensor.
15. The method of claim 11 wherein at least another of the functional electronic components includes a local field potential sensor.
16. A stretchable and flexible electronic device formed in accordance with the method of claim 1 .
17. A stretchable and flexible electronic device, comprising
at least three functional layers stacked one upon another, each of the functional layers including an elastomer substrate, a conductive interconnect pattern located on an elastomer substrate, the conductive interconnect structure including islands interconnected by bridges, at least one functional electronic component located on and in electrical communication with one of the islands;
an elastomer encapsulant formed over the functional electronic components and the conductive interconnect pattern on each of the functional layers, the elastomer encapsulant having a Young's modulus equal to or less than a Young's modulus of the elastomer substrate, the elastomer encapsulant including a colored pigment that increases absorption of a selected laser wavelength by the elastomer encapsulant;
at least one laser ablated via that provides electrical connection to any two layers in the three functional layers; and
solder paste filling the laser ablated via, the solder paste establishing a bond and an electrical connection between the functional layers.
18. The stretchable and flexible electronic device of claim 17 wherein the functional electronic components are selected from the group consisting of sensors, active electronic components, and passive electronic components.
19. The stretchable and flexible electronic device of claim 18 wherein the active electronic components are selected from the group consisting of amplifiers and RF components.
20. The stretchable and flexible electronic device of claim 17 wherein at least one of the functional electronic components includes a multichannel sensing system having a wireless communication circuit.