Thermally-powered coiled polymer fiber tensile actuator system and method
Actuators (artificial muscles) comprising twist-spun nanofiber twist-inserted polymer fibers generate tensile actuation when powered electrically, photonically, chemically, thermally, by absorption, or by other means. These artificial muscles utilize coiled polymer fibers and can be either neat or comprising a guest. In some embodiments, the coiled polymer fibers actuator can be incorporated into an article, such as a textile, braid, clothing, smart packaging, or a mechanical system, and the coiled polymer fiber in the coiled polymer fiber actuator can have a stroke amplification factor of 5 or greater.
1. An article comprising a non-electrochemical polymer fiber actuator that is operable to be thermally-powered, wherein
(a) the non-electrochemical polymer fiber actuator comprises a first polymer fiber having a first polymer fiber diameter, wherein
(i) the first polymer fiber has a first plurality of twists in a first direction that defines a twisted polymer fiber,
(ii) the first polymer fiber has a plurality of coils in the twisted polymer fiber in a second direction, with each coil having a mean coil diameter,
(iii) the first plurality of twists and the plurality of coils in the first polymer fiber comprise a coiled polymer fiber actuator that is a reversible fiber actuating element, and
(iv) the first polymer fiber in the coiled polymer fiber actuator has a stroke amplification factor of 5 or greater; and
(b) the article is selected from a group consisting of
(i) a textile or braid,
(ii) clothing,
(iii) smart packaging for temperature sensitive materials that opens and closes vents or changes porosity in response to ambient temperature, and
(iv) a mechanical system that opens or closes a valve in response to ambient temperature.
2. The article of claim 1 , wherein the article comprises clothing operable to change porosity in response to ambient temperature to provide adaptive wearer comfort to a user wearing the clothing.
3. The article of claim 1 , wherein the stroke amplification factor of the first polymer fiber in the coiled polymer fiber actuator is 10 or greater.
4. The article of claim 1 , wherein the first polymer fiber is a polymer fiber selected from a group consisting of nylon 6, nylon 6,6, polyethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, and combinations thereof.
5. The article of claim 1 , wherein
(a) the coiled polymer fiber actuator has a first end and a second end; and
(b) the first end and second end of the coiled polymer fiber actuator are torsionally tethered to prohibit relative rotation between the first end and the second end of the coiled polymer fiber actuator during actuation of the coiled polymer fiber actuator.
6. The article of claim 5 , wherein the coiled polymer fiber actuator is plied together with another coiled polymer fiber actuator.
7. The article of claim 1 , wherein:
(a) the non-electrochemical polymer fiber actuator has a first length at a first temperature;
(b) the non-electrochemical polymer fiber actuator has a second length at a second temperature;
(c) the first length is less than the second length; and
(d) the second temperature is less than the first temperature.
8. An article comprising a non-electrochemical polymer fiber actuator that is operable to be thermally-powered, wherein
(a) the non-electrochemical polymer fiber actuator comprises a coiled polymer fiber tensile actuator having a twisted polymer fiber in the shape of a coil;
(b) the twisted polymer fiber in the coiled polymer fiber tensile actuator has a stroke amplification factor of 5 or greater;
(c) the article is operable to be thermally actuated; and
(d) the article is selected from a group consisting of
(i) a textile or braid,
(ii) clothing,
(iii) smart packaging for temperature sensitive materials that opens and closes vents or changes porosity in response to ambient temperature, and
(iv) a mechanical system that opens or closes a valve in response to ambient temperature.
9. The article of claim 8 , wherein the stroke amplification factor of the twisted polymer fiber in the coiled polymer fiber tensile actuator is 10 or greater.
10. The article of claim 8 , wherein the twisted polymer fiber comprises a polymer fiber selected from a group consisting of nylon 6, nylon 6,6, polyethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, and combinations thereof.
11. The article of claim 8 , wherein
(a) the coiled polymer fiber tensile actuator has a first end and a second end; and
(b) the first end and second end of the coiled polymer fiber tensile actuator are torsionally tethered to prohibit relative rotation between the first end and the second end of the coiled polymer fiber tensile actuator during actuation of the coiled polymer fiber tensile actuator.
12. The article of claim 8 , wherein:
(a) the coiled polymer fiber tensile actuator has a first length at a first temperature;
(b) the coiled polymer fiber tensile actuator has a second length at a second temperature;
(c) the first length is less than the second length; and
(d) the second temperature is less than the first temperature.
13. The article of claim 8 , wherein the coiled polymer fiber tensile actuator is plied together with another coiled polymer fiber tensile actuator.
14. An article comprising a thermally-powered coiled polymer fiber tensile actuator, wherein:
(a) the thermally-powered coiled polymer fiber tensile actuator comprises a twisted polymer fiber in the shape of a coil; and
(b) the twisted polymer fiber in the thermally-powered coiled polymer fiber tensile actuator has a stroke amplification factor of 5 or greater.
15. The article of claim 14 , wherein the article is selected from a group consisting of:
(i) a textile or braid,
(ii) clothing,
(iii) smart packaging for temperature sensitive materials that opens and closes vents or changes porosity in response to ambient temperature, and
(iv) a mechanical system that opens or closes a valve in response to ambient temperature.
16. The article of claim 14 , wherein the stroke amplification factor of the twisted polymer fiber in the thermally-powered coiled polymer fiber tensile actuator is 10 or greater.
17. The article of claim 14 , wherein the twisted polymer fiber comprises a polymer fiber selected from a group consisting of nylon 6, nylon 6,6, polyethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, and combinations thereof.
18. The article of claim 14 , wherein
(a) the thermally-powered coiled polymer fiber tensile actuator has a first end and a second end; and
(b) the first end and second end of the thermally-powered coiled polymer fiber tensile actuator are torsionally tethered to prohibit relative rotation between the first end and the second end of the thermally-powered coiled polymer fiber tensile actuator during actuation of the thermally-powered coiled polymer fiber tensile actuator.
19. The article of claim 14 , wherein:
(a) the thermally-powered coiled polymer fiber tensile actuator has a first length at a first temperature;
(b) the thermally-powered coiled polymer fiber tensile actuator has a second length at a second temperature;
(c) the first length is less than the second length; and
(d) the second temperature is less than the first temperature.
20. The article of claim 14 , wherein the thermally-powered coiled polymer fiber tensile actuator is plied together with another thermally-powered coiled polymer fiber tensile actuator.