Ultra-low-power oscillator with DC-only sustaining amplifier

1. An oscillator apparatus, comprising:

a resonator configured for oscillating and generating resonator current at an oscillation frequency;

at least one down-converter coupled to a first side of said resonator, said at least one down-converter configured for converting resonator current into direct current (DC);

at least one direct current (DC) amplifier circuit, having at least one feedback resistance between its input and output, wherein said direct current (DC) amplifier circuit is configured for amplifying the DC current into an amplified DC signal;

wherein said feedback resistor of the direct current (DC) amplifier circuit has a resistance that exceeds the resistive loss of said resonator; and

at least one up-converter coupled to a second side of said resonator;

wherein said at least one up-converter is configured for up-converting the amplified signal back into an oscillation frequency to output an oscillation signal.

2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein said at least one down-converter and said at least one up-converter comprise mixers.

3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein said resonator is selected from the group consisting of a crystal, an oscillator, a high-Q oscillator, a crystal oscillator, a Pierce crystal oscillator, a reference oscillator, a low-frequency oscillator, a high-frequency oscillator, a MEMS resonator, a resistor-inductor-capacitor (RLC) resonator, and a clock generator.

4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein said apparatus operates without a minimum transconductance (g m ) requirement of a Pierce oscillator g m,conv. >ω o 2 ·C L 2 ·R m >>g m,required , wherein ω o is operating frequency in radians/second, C L is total load capacitance and only requires that the DC amplifier's feedback resistor R f is of a larger resistance value than the resistive loss of the resonator R m , wherein R f >R m .

5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein said apparatus comprises two down-converters, two up-converters and two direct current (DC) amplifier circuits, which configure the apparatus with frequency conversion I/Q paths that preserve phase information and ensure a nominal zero phase shift across the resonator.

6. The apparatus of claim 5 , wherein said I/Q down-converter is implemented using I/Q mixers which are coupled to the DC amplifier circuits and driven by a delay-locked loop (DLL) configured for deriving binary I/Q signals from said oscillation signal, and suppressing any higher order harmonic content arising from mixing by said at least one direct current (DC) amplifier circuit, which is low-bandwidth, and said resonator which has a high-Q.

7. The apparatus of claim 5 , wherein said I/Q up-converter comprises a switching circuit.

8. The apparatus of claim 7 , wherein said switching circuit is configured to generate four binary signals, which are all at XO 1 frequency, with theta, theta+90, theta+180, theta+270 degrees phase relation where theta is arbitrary, which eliminates any need of a high power consumption summing circuit to drive the resonator.

9. The apparatus of claim 8 :

wherein said at least one direct current (DC) amplifier circuit comprises at least two direct current differential (DC) amplifiers whose differential outputs are directed to a switching circuit; and

further comprising a delay-locked loop (DLL) which converts a signal at said first side of said resonator to a differential signal which is fed to a two-stage current-controlled delay line which is controlled by a charge pump whereby it generates quadrature outputs for controlling said switching circuit;

wherein said output oscillation signal is generated in response to switching between four DC voltage levels by a switching circuit controlled by said delay-locked loop (DLL).

10. The apparatus of claim 5 , further comprising a start-up circuit to initiate resonator oscillation before the I/Q signals are available.

11. An oscillator apparatus, comprising:

a resonator configured for oscillating and generating resonator current at an oscillation;

at least two down-converters configured for converting resonator current into direct current (DC);

at least two up-converters;

at least two direct current (DC) amplifier circuits, each having at least one feedback resistance between its input and output, wherein said at least two direct current (DC) amplifier circuits are configured for amplifying the DC current into an amplified DC signal;

wherein said feedback resistance of the direct current (DC) amplifier circuit has a resistance that exceeds the resistive loss of said resonator;

wherein said at least two down-converters, said at least two up-converters, said at least two direct current (DC) amplifier circuits are configured to provide two I/Q frequency conversion paths comprising an I path and a Q path, that preserve phase information and ensure a nominal zero phase shift across the resonator;

a delay-locked loop (DLL) circuit configured for deriving binary I/Q signals from an oscillation signal, and suppressing any higher order harmonic content arising from mixing by said at least two direct current (DC) amplifier circuits, which are low-bandwidth, and said resonator; and

a start-up circuit configured for starting said resonator into oscillations before the I/Q signals are available;

wherein said at least two up-converters are configured for up-converting the amplified signal back to into an oscillation frequency to output an oscillation signal.

12. The apparatus of claim 11 , wherein said resonator is selected from the group consisting of a crystal, an oscillator, a high-Q oscillator, a crystal oscillator, a Pierce crystal oscillator, a reference oscillator, a low-frequency oscillator, a high-frequency oscillator, a MEMS resonator, a resistor-inductor-capacitor (RLC) resonator, and a clock generator.

13. The apparatus of claim 11 , wherein said apparatus operates without a minimum transconductance (g m ) requirement of a Pierce oscillator g m,conv. >ω o 2 ·C L 2 ·R m >>g m,required , wherein ω o is operating frequency in radians/second, C L is total load capacitance and only requires that the DC amplifier's feedback resistor R f is of a larger resistance value than the resistive loss of the resonator R m , wherein R f >R m .

14. The apparatus of claim 11 , wherein said at least two direct current (DC) amplifier circuits comprise differential amplifiers, each having feedback resistance between each differential input and respective differential output.

15. The apparatus of claim 14 , further comprising a switching circuit coupled to receive output from said differential amplifiers and couple it to the resonator output.

16. The apparatus of claim 15 , wherein said switching circuit comprises switches controlled by four output levels utilizing a 25% duty cycle I/Q waveforms, to selectively combine voltage outputs from said differential amplifiers and thus eliminate any need of a high power consumption summing circuit.

17. The apparatus of claim 16 , wherein said four output levels utilizing a 25% duty cycle I/Q waveforms are generated by a delay-locked loop (DLL) which converts a signal at said first side of said resonator to a differential signal which is fed to a two-stage current-controlled delay line which is controlled by a charge pump whereby it generates quadrature outputs for controlling said switching circuit, and outputting these a logic circuit for outputting control signals to said switching circuit.

18. A method of generating electrical oscillations, comprising:

down-converting a signal from a first side of a resonator which is configured for oscillating at an oscillation frequency, wherein said down-converting converts resonator current into direct current (DC);

performing direct current (DC) amplification controlled by feedback resistance in generating DC an amplified DC signal;

wherein said feedback resistance exceeds resistive loss of the resonator; and

up-converting a signal to a second side of the resonator back into an oscillation frequency.