Receivers incorporating non-uniform constellations with overlapping constellation point locations
Communication systems are described that use unequally spaced constellations that have increased capacity compared to conventional constellations operating within a similar SNR band. One embodiment is a digital communications system including a transmitter transmitting signals via a communication channel, the transmitter including a coder capable of receiving user bits and outputting encoded bits at a rate, a mapper capable of mapping encoded bits to symbols in a constellation, and a modulator capable of generating a modulated signal for transmission via the communication channel using symbols generated by the mapper, wherein the constellation is unequally spaced and characterizable by assignment of locations and labels of constellation points to maximize parallel decode capacity of the constellation at a given signal-to-noise ratio so that the constellation provides a given capacity at a reduced signal-to-noise ratio compared to a uniform constellation that maximizes the minimum distance between constellation points of the uniform constellation.
1. A communication system, comprising:
a receiver capable of receiving signals via a communication channel having a channel signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), wherein the receiver comprises:
a demodulator capable of demodulating a received signal into a demodulated signal;
a demapper, coupled to the demodulator, capable of determining likelihoods using the demodulated signal and a symbol constellation that includes constellation points at a plurality of unique point locations, where:
the plurality of unique point locations are unequally spaced;
the constellation points each have a location and a different label; and
the locations of at least two of the constellation points are the same; and
a decoder, coupled to the demapper, capable of using the likelihoods determined by the demapper to provide a sequence of received bits based upon a low density parity check (LDPC) code.
2. The communication system of claim 1 , wherein:
the symbol constellation is selected from a plurality of unequally spaced symbol constellations;
the plurality of unequally spaced symbol constellations includes a plurality of unequally spaced symbol constellations of a first type that comprise multiple different sixty-four-point symbol constellations, multiple different two-hundred-fifty-six-point symbol constellations, and multiple different one-thousand-twenty-four-point symbol constellations, where unequally spaced symbol constellations of the first type include at least two constellation points having locations that are the same and different labels;
the receiver is capable of selecting an LDPC code rate and the unequally spaced symbol constellation as a pair from a plurality of predetermined LDPC code rate and unequally spaced symbol constellation pairs; and
each of the plurality of unequally spaced symbol constellations is only included in one of the plurality of predetermined LDPC code rate and unequally spaced symbol constellation pairs.
3. The communication system of claim 2 , wherein the plurality of predetermined LDPC code rate and unequally spaced symbol constellation pairs includes:
multiple LDPC code rate and unequally spaced symbol constellation pairs that each include an LDPC code rate below 1/3 and a sixty-four-point unequally spaced symbol constellation of the first type;
multiple LDPC code rate and unequally spaced symbol constellation pairs that each include an LDPC code rate below 5/8 and a two-hundred-and-fifty-six-point unequally spaced symbol constellation of the first type; and
multiple LDPC code rate and unequally spaced symbol constellation pairs that each include an LDPC code rate below 7/10 and a one-thousand-twenty-four-point unequally spaced symbol constellation of the first type.
4. The communication system of claim 3 , wherein the receiver is capable of decoding the signals received over the communication channel when the SNR of the communication channel is:
equal to or less than 5.27 dB while using an LDPC code rate and unequally spaced symbol constellation pair that includes an LDPC code rate that is below 1/3 and a sixty-four-point unequally spaced symbol constellation of the first type;
equal to or less than 15.42 dB while using an LDPC code rate and unequally spaced symbol constellation pair that includes an LDPC code rate below 5/8 and a two-hundred-fifty-six-point unequally spaced symbol constellation of the first type; and
equal to or less than 21.52 dB while using an LDPC code rate and unequally spaced symbol constellation pair that includes an LDPC code rate below 7/10 and a one-thousand-twenty-four-point unequally spaced symbol constellations of the first type.
5. The communication system of claim 4 , wherein:
the plurality of unequally spaced symbol constellations include a plurality of unequally spaced symbol constellations of a second type that comprises multiple different sixteen-point symbol constellations, multiple different sixty-four-point symbol constellations, multiple different two-hundred-fifty-six-point symbol constellations, and multiple different one-thousand-twenty-four-point symbol constellations;
no two constellation points within an unequally spaced symbol constellation of the second type share locations that are the same;
the demapper is also capable of determining likelihoods using the demodulated signal and an unequally spaced symbol constellation of the second type; and
the plurality of predetermined LDPC code rate and unequally spaced symbol constellation pairs include:
multiple LDPC code rate and unequally spaced symbol constellation pairs that each include an LDPC code rate that is equal to or greater than 3/8 and less than or equal to 6/8 and a sixteen-point unequally spaced symbol constellation of the second type;
multiple LDPC code rate and unequally spaced symbol constellation pairs that each include an LDPC code rate that is equal to or greater than 3/6 and less than or equal to 5/6 and a sixty-four-point unequally spaced symbol constellation of the second type;
multiple LDPC code rate and unequally spaced symbol constellation pairs that each include an LDPC code rate that is equal to or greater than 6/8 and less than or equal to 7/8 and a two-hundred-and-fifty-six-point unequally spaced symbol constellation of the second type; and
multiple LDPC code rate and unequally spaced symbol constellation pairs that each include an LDPC code rate that is equal to or greater than 8/10 and less than or equal to 9/10 and a one-thousand-twenty-four-point unequally spaced symbol constellation of the second type;
the receiver is capable of decoding the signals received over the communication channel when the SNR of the communication channel is:
between 3.11 dB and 9.25 dB while using at least one of the multiple LDPC code rate and unequally spaced symbol constellation pairs that each include an LDPC code rate that is equal to or greater than 3/8 and less than or equal to 6/8 and a sixteen-point unequally spaced symbol constellation of the second type;
between 9.00 dB and 15.93 dB while using at least one of the multiple LDPC code rate and unequally spaced symbol constellation pairs that each include an LDPC code rate that is equal to or greater than 3/6 and less than or equal to 5/6 and a sixty-four-point unequally spaced symbol constellation of the second type;
between 18.72 dB and 22.13 dB while using at least one of the multiple LDPC code rate and unequally spaced symbol constellation pairs that each include an LDPC code rate that is equal to or greater than 6/8 and less than or equal to 7/8 and a two-hundred-and-fifty-six-point unequally spaced symbol constellation of the second type; and
between 24.79 dB and 28.20 dB while using at least one of the multiple LDPC code rate and unequally spaced symbol constellation pairs that each include an LDPC code rate that is equal to or greater than 8/10 and less than or equal to 9/10 and a one-thousand-twenty-four-point unequally spaced symbol constellation of the second type.
6. The communication system of claim 1 , wherein:
the non uniform symbol constellation is selected from a plurality of unequally spaced symbol constellations; and
each of the plurality of unequally spaced symbol constellations is characterized by the assignment of labels and spacing of the constellation points such that each of the plurality of unequally spaced symbol constellations is capable of providing greater parallel decoding capacity when operated at a symbol constellation operating SNR than the other plurality of unequally spaced symbol constellations when operated at the same SNR.
7. The communication system of claim 6 , wherein the symbol constellation operating SNR is a channel SNR where the receiver is capable of using the respective unequally spaced symbol constellation to receive data at a frame error rate (FER) of 10 −2 or lower.
8. The communication system of claim 1 , wherein:
the symbol constellation is selected from a plurality of unequally spaced symbol constellations; and
each of the plurality of unequally spaced symbol constellations is characterized by the assignment of labels and spacing of constellation points so as to maximize parallel decoding capacity at a symbol constellation operating SNR subject to at least one constraint.
9. The communication system of claim 1 , further comprising a transmitter capable of transmitting signals via the communication channel, where the transmitter comprises:
a coder capable of receiving bits and outputting encoded bits using a Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) code;
a mapper, coupled to the coder, capable of mapping the encoded bits to symbols in the symbol constellation; and
a modulator, coupled to the mapper, capable of generating a signal for transmission via the communication channel based upon symbols selected by the mapper.
10. The communication system of claim 1 , wherein:
the symbol constellation is selected from a plurality of symbol constellations each having a same number of constellation points;
a first of the plurality of symbol constellations includes constellation points at a first set of unique point locations that are unequally spaced;
a second of the plurality of symbol constellations includes constellation points at a second set of unique point locations that are unequally spaced; and
the number of unique point locations in the first set of unique point locations is different from the number of unique point locations in the second set of unique point locations.
11. A communication system, comprising:
a receiver that receives signals via a communication channel having a channel signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), wherein the receiver comprises:
a demodulator that demodulates a received signal into a demodulated signal;
a demapper that determines likelihoods using the demodulated signal and a symbol constellation that includes constellation points at a plurality of unique point locations, where:
the plurality of unique point locations are unequally spaced;
the constellation points each have a location and a different label; and
the locations of at least two of the constellation points are the same; and
a decoder that uses the likelihoods determined by the demapper to provide a sequence of received bits based upon a low density parity check (LDPC) code;
wherein the demapper is interposed between the demodulator and the decoder and the demapper receives information from the demodulator and provides information to the decoder.
12. The communication system of claim 11 , wherein:
the symbol constellation is selected from a plurality of unequally spaced symbol constellations;
the plurality of unequally spaced symbol constellations includes a plurality of unequally spaced symbol constellations of a first type that comprise multiple different sixty-four-point symbol constellations, multiple different two-hundred-fifty-six-point symbol constellations, and multiple different one-thousand-twenty-four-point symbol constellations, where unequally spaced symbol constellations of the first type include at least two constellation points having locations that are the same and different labels;
the receiver selects an LDPC code rate and the unequally spaced symbol constellation as a pair from a plurality of predetermined LDPC code rate and unequally spaced symbol constellation pairs; and
each of the plurality of unequally spaced symbol constellations is only included in one of the plurality of predetermined LDPC code rate and unequally spaced symbol constellation pairs.
13. The communication system of claim 12 , wherein the plurality of predetermined LDPC code rate and unequally spaced symbol constellation pairs includes:
multiple LDPC code rate and unequally spaced symbol constellation pairs that each include an LDPC code rate below 1/3 and a sixty-four-point unequally spaced symbol constellation of the first type;
multiple LDPC code rate and unequally spaced symbol constellation pairs that each include an LDPC code rate below 5/8 and a two-hundred-and-fifty-six-point unequally spaced symbol constellation of the first type; and
multiple LDPC code rate and unequally spaced symbol constellation pairs that each include an LDPC code rate below 7/10 and a one-thousand-twenty-four-point unequally spaced symbol constellation of the first type.
14. The communication system of claim 13 , wherein the receiver is capable of decoding the signals received over the communication channel when the SNR of the communication channel is:
equal to or less than 5.27 dB while using an LDPC code rate and unequally spaced symbol constellation pair that includes an LDPC code rate that is below 1/3 and a sixty-four-point unequally spaced symbol constellation of the first type;
equal to or less than 15.42 dB while using an LDPC code rate and unequally spaced symbol constellation pair that includes an LDPC code rate below 5/8 and a two-hundred-fifty-six-point unequally spaced symbol constellation of the first type; and
equal to or less than 21.52 dB while using an LDPC code rate and unequally spaced symbol constellation pair that includes an LDPC code rate below 7/10 and a one-thousand-twenty-four-point unequally spaced symbol constellations of the first type.
15. The communication system of claim 14 , wherein:
the plurality of unequally spaced symbol constellations includes a plurality of unequally spaced symbol constellations of a second type that comprises multiple different sixteen-point symbol constellations, multiple different sixty-four-point symbol constellations, multiple different two-hundred-fifty-six-point symbol constellations, and multiple different one-thousand-twenty-four-point symbol constellations;
no two constellation points within an unequally spaced symbol constellation of the second type have locations that are the same;
the demapper also determines likelihoods using the demodulated signal and an unequally spaced symbol constellation of the second type; and
the plurality of predetermined LDPC code rate and unequally spaced symbol constellation pairs includes:
multiple LDPC code rate and unequally spaced symbol constellation pairs that each include an LDPC code rate that is equal to or greater than 3/8 and less than or equal to 6/8 and a sixteen-point unequally spaced symbol constellation of the second type;
multiple LDPC code rate and unequally spaced symbol constellation pairs that each include an LDPC code rate that is equal to or greater than 3/6 and less than or equal to 5/6 and a sixty-four-point unequally spaced symbol constellation of the second type;
multiple LDPC code rate and unequally spaced symbol constellation pairs that each include an LDPC code rate that is equal to or greater than 6/8 and less than or equal to 7/8 and a two-hundred-and-fifty-six-point unequally spaced symbol constellation of the second type; and
multiple LDPC code rate and unequally spaced symbol constellation pairs that each include an LDPC code rate that is equal to or greater than 8/10 and less than or equal to 9/10 and a one-thousand-twenty-four-point unequally spaced symbol constellation of the second type;
the receiver is capable of decoding the signals received over the communication channel when the SNR of the communication channel is:
between 3.11 dB and 9.25 dB while using at least one of the multiple LDPC code rate and unequally spaced symbol constellation pairs that each include an LDPC code rate that is equal to or greater than 3/8 and less than or equal to 6/8 and a sixteen-point unequally spaced symbol constellation of the second type;
between 9.00 dB and 15.93 dB while using at least one of the multiple LDPC code rate and unequally spaced symbol constellation pairs that each include an LDPC code rate that is equal to or greater than 3/6 and less than or equal to 5/6 and a sixty-four-point unequally spaced symbol constellation of the second type;
between 18.72 dB and 22.13 dB while using at least one of the multiple LDPC code rate and unequally spaced symbol constellation pairs that each include an LDPC code rate that is equal to or greater than 6/8 and less than or equal to 7/8 and a two-hundred-and-fifty-six-point unequally spaced symbol constellation of the second type; and
between 24.79 dB and 28.20 dB while using at least one of the multiple LDPC code rate and unequally spaced symbol constellation pairs that each include an LDPC code rate that is equal to or greater than 8/10 and less than or equal to 9/10 and a one-thousand-twenty-four-point unequally spaced symbol constellation of the second type.
16. The communication system of claim 11 , wherein:
the symbol constellation is selected from a plurality of unequally spaced symbol constellations; and
each of the plurality of unequally spaced symbol constellations is characterized by the assignment of labels and spacing of the constellation points such that each of the plurality of unequally spaced symbol constellations provides greater parallel decoding capacity when operated at a symbol constellation operating SNR than the other plurality of unequally spaced symbol constellations when operated at the same SNR.
17. The communication system of claim 16 , wherein the symbol constellation operating SNR is a channel SNR where the receiver uses the respective unequally spaced symbol constellation to receive data at a frame error rate (FER) of 10 −2 or lower.
18. The communication system of claim 11 , wherein
the symbol constellation is selected from a plurality of unequally spaced symbol constellations; and
each of the plurality of unequally spaced symbol constellations is characterized by the assignment of labels and spacing of constellation points so as to maximize parallel decoding capacity at a symbol constellation operating SNR subject to at least one constraint.
19. The communication system of claim 11 , further comprising a transmitter that transmits signals via the communication channel, where the transmitter comprises:
a coder that receives bits and outputs encoded bits using a Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) code;
a mapper that maps the encoded bits to symbols in the symbol constellation; and
a modulator that generates a signal for transmission via the communication channel based upon symbols selected by the mapper;
wherein the mapper is interposed between the modulator and the coder and the mapper receives information from the coder and provides information to the modulator.
20. The communication system of claim 11 , wherein:
the symbol constellation is selected from a plurality of symbol constellations each having a same number of constellation points;
a first of the plurality of symbol constellations includes constellation points at a first set of unique point locations that are unequally spaced;
a second of the plurality of symbol constellations includes constellation points at a second set of unique point locations that are unequally spaced; and
the number of unique point locations in the first set of unique point locations is different from the number of unique point locations in the second set of unique point locations.
21. A communication system, comprising a receiver that receives signals via a communication channel having a channel signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), wherein the receiver uses a symbol constellation to transform the received signals into received bits, and the symbol constellation includes constellation points at a plurality of unique point locations, where:
the plurality of unique point locations are unequally spaced;
the constellation points each have a location and a different label; and
the locations of at least two of the constellation points are the same.
22. The communication system of claim 21 , further comprising a transmitter that transmits signals via the communication channel, where the transmitter uses the symbol constellation to transform encoded bits into the transmitted signals.
23. The communication system of claim 21 , wherein:
the symbol constellation is selected from a plurality of unequally spaced symbol constellations;
the plurality of unequally spaced symbol constellations includes a plurality of unequally spaced symbol constellations of a first type that comprise multiple different sixty-four-point symbol constellations, multiple different two-hundred-fifty-six-point symbol constellations, and multiple different one-thousand-twenty-four-point symbol constellations, where unequally spaced symbol constellations of the first type include at least two constellation points having identical locations and different labels;
the receiver selects an LDPC code rate and the unequally spaced symbol constellation as a pair from a plurality of predetermined LDPC code rate and unequally spaced symbol constellation pairs; and
each of the plurality of unequally spaced symbol constellations is only included in one of the plurality of predetermined LDPC code rate and unequally spaced symbol constellation pairs.
24. The communication system of claim 23 , wherein the plurality of predetermined LDPC code rate and unequally spaced symbol constellation pairs includes:
multiple LDPC code rate and unequally spaced symbol constellation pairs that each include an LDPC code rate below 1/3 and a sixty-four-point non-uniform symbol constellation of the first type;
multiple LDPC code rate and unequally spaced symbol constellation pairs that each include an LDPC code rate below 5/8 and a two-hundred-and-fifty-six-point non-uniform symbol constellation of the first type; and
multiple LDPC code rate and unequally spaced symbol constellation pairs that each include an LDPC code rate below 7/10 and a one-thousand-twenty-four-point unequally spaced symbol constellation of the first type.
25. The communication system of claim 24 , wherein the receiver is capable of decoding the signals received over the communication channel when the SNR of the communication channel is:
equal to or less than 5.27 dB while using an LDPC code rate and unequally spaced symbol constellation pair that includes an LDPC code rate that is below 1/3 and a sixty-four-point unequally spaced symbol constellation of the first type;
equal to or less than 15.42 dB while using an LDPC code rate and unequally spaced symbol constellation pair that includes an LDPC code rate below 5/8 and a two-hundred-fifty-six-point unequally spaced symbol constellation of the first type; and
equal to or less than 21.52 dB while using an LDPC code rate and unequally spaced symbol constellation pair that includes an LDPC code rate below 7/10 and a one-thousand-twenty-four-point unequally spaced symbol constellations of the first type.
26. The communication system of claim 25 , wherein:
the plurality of unequally spaced symbol constellations includes a plurality of unequally spaced symbol constellations of a second type that comprises multiple different sixteen-point symbol constellations, multiple different sixty-four-point symbol constellations, multiple different two-hundred-fifty-six-point symbol constellations, and multiple different one-thousand-twenty-four-point symbol constellations;
no two constellation points within an unequally spaced symbol constellation of the second type have locations that are the same;
the receiver also transforms received signals into received bits using an unequally spaced symbol constellation of the second type; and
the plurality of predetermined LDPC code rate and unequally spaced symbol constellation pairs include:
multiple LDPC code rate and unequally spaced symbol constellation pairs that each include an LDPC code rate that is equal to or greater than 3/8 and less than or equal to 6/8 and a sixteen-point unequally spaced symbol constellation of the second type;
multiple LDPC code rate and unequally spaced symbol constellation pairs that each include an LDPC code rate that is equal to or greater than 3/6 and less than or equal to 5/6 and a sixty-four-point unequally spaced symbol constellation of the second type;
multiple LDPC code rate and unequally spaced symbol constellation pairs that each include an LDPC code rate that is equal to or greater than 6/8 and less than or equal to 7/8 and a two-hundred-and-fifty-six-point unequally spaced symbol constellation of the second type; and
multiple LDPC code rate and unequally spaced symbol constellation pairs that each include an LDPC code rate that is equal to or greater than 8/10 and less than or equal to 9/10 and a one-thousand-twenty-four-point unequally spaced symbol constellation of the second type;
the receiver is capable of decoding the signals received over the communication channel when the SNR of the communication channel is:
between 3.11 dB and 9.25 dB while using at least one of the multiple LDPC code rate and unequally spaced symbol constellation pairs that each include an LDPC code rate that is equal to or greater than 3/8 and less than or equal to 6/8 and a sixteen-point unequally spaced symbol constellation of the second type;
between 9.00 dB and 15.93 dB while using at least one of the multiple LDPC code rate and unequally spaced symbol constellation pairs that each include an LDPC code rate that is equal to or greater than 3/6 and less than or equal to 5/6 and a sixty-four-point unequally spaced symbol constellation of the second type;
between 18.72 dB and 22.13 dB while using at least one of the multiple LDPC code rate and unequally spaced symbol constellation pairs that each include an LDPC code rate that is equal to or greater than 6/8 and less than or equal to 7/8 and a two-hundred-and-fifty-six-point unequally spaced symbol constellation of the second type; and
between 24.79 dB and 28.20 dB while using at least one of the multiple LDPC code rate and unequally spaced symbol constellation pairs that each include an LDPC code rate that is equal to or greater than 8/10 and less than or equal to 9/10 and a one-thousand-twenty-four-point unequally spaced symbol constellation of the second type.
27. The communication system of claim 22 , wherein:
the symbol constellation is selected from a plurality of unequally spaced symbol constellations; and
each of the plurality of unequally spaced symbol constellations is characterized by the assignment of labels and spacing of the constellation points such that each of the plurality of unequally spaced symbol constellations provides greater parallel decoding capacity when operated at a symbol constellation operating SNR than the other plurality of unequally spaced symbol constellations when operated at the same SNR.
28. The communication system of claim 27 , wherein the symbol constellation operating SNR is a channel SNR where the receiver uses the respective unequally spaced symbol constellation to receive data at a frame error rate (FER) of 10 −2 or lower.
29. The communication system of claim 22 , wherein:
the symbol constellation is selected from a plurality of unequally spaced symbol constellations; and
each of the plurality of unequally spaced symbol constellations is characterized by the assignment of labels and spacing of constellation points so as to maximize parallel decoding capacity at a symbol constellation operating SNR subject to at least one constraint.
30. The communication system of claim 22 , wherein:
the symbol constellation is selected from a plurality of symbol constellations each having a same number of constellation points;
a first of the plurality of symbol constellations includes constellation points at a first set of unique point locations that are unequally spaced;
a second of the plurality of symbol constellations includes constellation points at a second set of unique point locations that are unequally spaced; and
the number of unique point locations in the first set of unique point locations is different from the number of unique point locations in the second set of unique point locations.