Non-racemic beta-hydroxybutyrate compounds and compositions enriched with the R-enantiomer and methods of use
Ketogenic compositions include a non-racemic mixture of beta-hydroxybutyrate salts and acid(s) enriched with the R-enantiomer. The compositions are enriched with the R-enantiomer to elevate ketone bodies and increase the rate at which ketosis is achieved yet contains an amount of the S-enantiomer to provide alternative benefits. Beta-hydroxybutyric acid is more rapidly absorbed and utilized by the body than salts or esters, enhances taste, and reduces the need to include citric acid or other edible acids. Beta-hydroxybutyrate salts are more slowly absorbed and utilized by the body and can provide one or more electrolytes. Compositions for increasing ketone body level in a subject may contain a dietetically or pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a non-racemic mixture of R-beta-hydroxybutyrate and S-beta-hydroxybutyrate, wherein the non-racemic mixture of R-beta-hydroxybutyrate and S-beta-hydroxybutyrate contains from about 50.5% to 99.5% by enantiomeric equivalents of R-beta-hydroxybutyrate and from about 49.5% to about 0.5% by enantiomeric equivalents of S-beta-hydroxybutyrate.
1. A composition for administering ketone bodies to a subject, comprising:
a non-racemic mixture of R-beta-hydroxybutyrate and S-beta-hydroxybutyrate containing more than 50% and less than 100% by enantiomeric equivalents of R-beta-hydroxybutyrate and less than 50% and more 0% by enantiomeric equivalents of S-beta-hydroxybutyrate, wherein the non-racemic mixture of R-beta-hydroxybutyrate and S-beta-hydroxybutyrate includes:
at least one R-beta-hydroxybutyrate salt;
at least one S-beta-hydroxybutyrate salt; and
at least one of R- or S-beta-hydroxybutyric acid,
wherein the non-racemic mixture comprises at least 99.6% and less than 100% by molar equivalents of combined R-beta-hydroxybutyrate and S-beta-hydroxybutyrate salts, and
wherein the non-racemic mixture comprises greater than 0% and up to 0.4% by molar equivalents of the at least one of R- or S-beta-hydroxybutyric acid.
2. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the non-racemic mixture contains from 50.5% to 99.5% by enantiomeric equivalents of R-beta-hydroxybutyrate and 49.5% to 0.5% by enantiomeric equivalents of S-beta-hydroxybutyrate.
3. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the non-racemic mixture contains from 51% to 99% by enantiomeric equivalents of R-beta-hydroxybutyrate and 49% to 1% by enantiomeric equivalents of S-beta-hydroxybutyrate.
4. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the non-racemic mixture contains from 52% to 98% by enantiomeric equivalents of R-beta-hydroxybutyrate and 48% to 2% by enantiomeric equivalents of S-beta-hydroxybutyrate.
5. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the non-racemic mixture contains from 53% to 97% by enantiomeric equivalents of R-beta-hydroxybutyrate and 47% to 3% by enantiomeric equivalents of S-beta-hydroxybutyrate.
6. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the non-racemic mixture comprises greater than 99.6% and less than 100% by molar equivalents of combined R-beta-hydroxybutyrate and S-beta-hydroxybutyrate salts and greater than 0% and less than 0.4% by molar equivalents of R-beta-hydroxybutyric acid and/or S-beta-hydroxybutyric acid.
7. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the non-racemic mixture comprises at least 99.7% and less than 100% by molar equivalents of combined R-beta-hydroxybutyrate and S-beta-hydroxybutyrate salts and greater than 0% and up to 0.3% by molar equivalents of R-beta-hydroxybutyric acid and/or S-beta-hydroxybutyric acid.
8. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the non-racemic mixture comprises greater than 99.7% and less than 100% by molar equivalents of combined R-beta-hydroxybutyrate and S-beta-hydroxybutyrate salts and greater than 0% and less than 0.3% by molar equivalents of R-beta-hydroxybutyric acid and/or S-beta-hydroxybutyric acid.
9. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the non-racemic mixture comprises at least one lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, or amino acid salt of R-beta-hydroxybutyrate and/or S-beta-hydroxybutyrate.
10. The composition of claim 1 , further comprising at least one fatty acid, or a mono-, di- or triglyceride of the at least one fatty acid.
11. The composition of claim 1 , further comprising at least one supplement selected from vitamin, mineral, nootropic, and herbal supplement.
12. A composition for administering ketone bodies to a subject, comprising:
a non-racemic mixture of R-beta-hydroxybutyrate and S-beta-hydroxybutyrate containing more than 50% and less than 100% by enantiomeric equivalents of R-beta-hydroxybutyrate and less than 50% and more 0% by enantiomeric equivalents of S-beta-hydroxybutyrate, wherein the non-racemic mixture of R-beta-hydroxybutyrate and S-beta-hydroxybutyrate includes:
at least one R-beta-hydroxybutyrate salt or ester;
at least one S-beta-hydroxybutyrate salt or ester; and
at least one of R- or S-beta-hydroxybutyric acid,
wherein the non-racemic mixture comprises at least 99.6% and less than 100% by molar equivalents of combined R-beta-hydroxybutyrate and S-beta-hydroxybutyrate salts,
wherein the non-racemic mixture comprises greater than 0% and up to 0.4% by molar equivalents of the at least one of R- or S-beta-hydroxybutyric acid, and
wherein the composition is provided as or in a tablet, capsule, powder, food product, food additive, flavored beverage, vitamin fortified beverage, non-alcoholic beverage, flavored beverage additive, vitamin fortified beverage additive, non-alcoholic beverage additive, candy, sucker, pastille, food supplement, flavored mouth spray, or suppository.
13. The composition of claim 12 , wherein the non-racemic mixture contains from 50.5% to 99.5% by enantiomeric equivalents of R-beta-hydroxybutyrate and 49.5% to 0.5% by enantiomeric equivalents of S-beta-hydroxybutyrate.
14. The composition of claim 12 , wherein the non-racemic mixture comprises at least 99.6% and less than 100% by molar equivalents of combined R-beta-hydroxybutyrate and S-beta-hydroxybutyrate salts and greater than 0% and up to 0.4% by molar equivalents of R-beta-hydroxybutyric acid and/or S-beta-hydroxybutyric acid.
15. The composition of claim 12 , wherein the non-racemic mixture comprises at least one lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, or amino acid salt of R-beta-hydroxybutyrate and/or S-beta-hydroxybutyrate, and wherein the composition is a powder.
16. The composition of claim 12 , further comprising at least one supplement selected from vitamin, mineral, nootropic, and herbal supplement.
17. A composition for administering ketone bodies to a subject, comprising:
a dietetically or pharmaceutically acceptable carrier selected from the group consisting of tablet, capsule, powder, food product, food additive, flavored beverage, vitamin fortified beverage, non-alcoholic beverage, flavored beverage additive, vitamin fortified beverage additive, non-alcoholic beverage additive, candy, sucker, pastille, food supplement, flavored mouth spray, and suppository; and
a non-racemic mixture of R-beta-hydroxybutyrate and S-beta-hydroxybutyrate containing more than 50% and less than 100% by enantiomeric equivalents of R-beta-hydroxybutyrate and less than 50% and more 0% by enantiomeric equivalents of S-beta-hydroxybutyrate, wherein the non-racemic mixture of R-beta-hydroxybutyrate and S-beta-hydroxybutyrate includes:
at least one R-beta-hydroxybutyrate salt or R-beta-hydroxybutyrate ester;
at least one S-beta-hydroxybutyrate salt or S-beta-hydroxybutyrate ester; and
at least one of R- or S-beta-hydroxybutyric acid,
wherein the non-racemic mixture comprises at least 99.6% and less than 100% by molar equivalents of combined R-beta-hydroxybutyrate and S-beta-hydroxybutyrate salts, and
wherein the non-racemic mixture comprises greater than 0% and up to 0.4% by molar equivalents of the at least one of R- or S-beta-hydroxybutyric acid.
18. A kit for administering ketone bodies to a subject, comprising:
a composition as in claim 1 ;
a container in which the composition is placed; and
a measuring device configured to hold therein a unit dose, or fraction thereof, of the composition, wherein a unit dose of the composition contains about 0.5 g to about 25 g of the non-racemic mixture of R-beta-hydroxybutyrate and S-beta-hydroxybutyrate.
19. The kit of claim 18 , wherein the container is selected from the group consisting of carton, box, can, jar, bag, pouch, bottle, jug, and keg.
20. The kit of claim 18 , wherein the measuring device is selected from the group consisting of cup, scoop, syringe, dropper, spatula, spoon, and colonic irrigation device.
21. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition is a powder.
22. The composition of claim 12 , further comprising at least one fatty acid, or a mono-, di-, or triglyceride of the at least one fatty acid.