S-beta-hydroxybutyrate compounds and compositions enriched with S-enantiomer
Ketogenic compositions include a mixture of optically pure S-beta-hydroxybutyrate salts and acid(s) or non-racemic mixture of beta-hydroxybutyrate salts and acid(s) enriched with the S-enantiomer. The S-beta-hydroxybutyrate enantiomer modulates the effect of ketone bodies in the subject and controls the rate at which ketosis is achieved. Beta-hydroxybutyric acid is more rapidly absorbed and utilized by the body than salts or esters, enhances taste, and reduces the need to include citric acid or other edible acids. Beta-hydroxybutyrate salts are more slowly absorbed and utilized by the body and can provide one or more electrolytes. Compositions for controlling ketone body level in a subject may contain a dietetically or pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and optically pure S-beta-hydroxybutyrate or non-racemic mixture enriched with S-beta-hydroxybutyrate, wherein the compositions contains from about 50.5% to 100% by enantiomeric equivalents of S-beta-hydroxybutyrate and from about 49.5% to 0% by enantiomeric equivalents of R-beta-hydroxybutyrate.
1. A composition for administering ketone bodies and/or ketone body precursors to a subject, the composition comprising:
optically pure S-beta-hydroxybutyrate or a non-racemic mixture of S-beta-hydroxybutyrate and R-beta-hydroxybutyrate enriched with S-beta-hydroxybutyrate so as to contain more than 50% and less than 100% by enantiomeric equivalents of S-beta-hydroxybutyrate and less than 50% and more than 0% by enantiomeric equivalents of R-beta-hydroxybutyrate, with the proviso that:
when the composition comprises the optically pure S-beta-hydroxybutyrate it includes a mixture of at least one optically pure S-beta-hydroxybutyrate salt and optically pure S-beta-hydroxybutyric acid; or
when the composition comprises the non-racemic mixture of S-beta-hydroxybutyrate and R-beta-hydroxybutyrate it includes a mixture of:
at least two S-beta-hydroxybutyrate salts;
at least two R-beta-hydroxybutyrate salts; and
at least one of S- or R-beta-hydroxybutyric acid.
2. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises the optically pure S-beta-hydroxybutyrate and includes a plurality of optically pure S-beta-hydroxybutyrate salts and the optically pure S-beta-hydroxybutyric acid and is free of R-beta-hydroxybutyrate salts and R-beta-hydroxybutyric acid.
3. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises the non-racemic mixture of S-beta-hydroxybutyrate and R-beta-hydroxybutyrate and contains from 50.5% to 99.5% by enantiomeric equivalents of S-beta-hydroxybutyrate and 49.5% to 0.5% by enantiomeric equivalents of R-beta-hydroxybutyrate.
4. The composition of claim 3 , wherein the non-racemic mixture of S-beta-hydroxybutyrate and R-beta-hydroxybutyrate contains from 51% to 99% by enantiomeric equivalents of S-beta-hydroxybutyrate and 49% to 1% by enantiomeric equivalents of R-beta-hydroxybutyrate.
5. The composition of claim 3 , wherein the non-racemic mixture of S-beta-hydroxybutyrate and R-beta-hydroxybutyrate contains from 52% to 98% by enantiomeric equivalents of S-beta-hydroxybutyrate and 48% to 2% by enantiomeric equivalents of R-beta-hydroxybutyrate.
6. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises 90% to 99.9% by molar equivalents of at least one optically pure S-beta-hydroxybutyrate salt or 90% to 99.9% by molar equivalents of combined S-beta-hydroxybutyrate and R-beta-hydroxybutyrate salts and 10% to 0.1% by molar equivalents of S-beta-hydroxybutyric acid and/or R-beta-hydroxybutyric acid.
7. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises 75% to 99.9% by molar equivalents of at least one optically pure S-beta-hydroxybutyrate salt or 75% to 99.9% by molar equivalents of combined S-beta-hydroxybutyrate and R-beta-hydroxybutyrate salts and 25% to 0.1% by molar equivalents of S-beta-hydroxybutyric acid and/or R-beta-hydroxybutyric acid.
8. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the non-racemic mixture comprises 85% to 99.8% by molar equivalents of at least one optically pure S-beta-hydroxybutyrate salt or 55% to 99.8% by molar equivalents of combined S-beta-hydroxybutyrate and R-beta-hydroxybutyrate salts and 15% to 0.2% by molar equivalents of S-beta-hydroxybutyric acid and/or R-beta-hydroxybutyric acid.
9. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises at least one lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, or amino acid salt of S-beta-hydroxybutyrate and/or R-beta-hydroxybutyrate.
10. The composition of claim 1 , further comprising at least one short chain fatty acid having less than 6 carbons, or a mono-, di- or triglyceride of the at least one short chain fatty acid.
11. The composition of claim 1 , further comprising at least one supplement selected from vitamin, mineral, nootropic, and herbal supplement.
12. A composition for administering ketone bodies and/or ketone body precursors to a subject, the composition comprising:
optically pure S-beta-hydroxybutyrate or a non-racemic mixture of S-beta-hydroxybutyrate and R-beta-hydroxybutyrate enriched with S-beta-hydroxybutyrate so as to contain more than 50% and less than 100% by enantiomeric equivalents of S-beta-hydroxybutyrate and less than 50% and more than 0% by enantiomeric equivalents of R-beta-hydroxybutyrate, with the proviso that:
when the composition comprises the optically pure S-beta-hydroxybutyrate it includes a mixture of at least one optically pure S-beta-hydroxybutyrate salt and optically pure S-beta-hydroxybutyric acid; or
when the composition comprises the non-racemic mixture of S-beta-hydroxybutyrate and R-beta-hydroxybutyrate it includes a mixture of:
at least one S-beta-hydroxybutyrate salt;
at least one R-beta-hydroxybutyrate salt; and
at least one of S- or R-beta-hydroxybutyric acid,
wherein the composition is provided as or in a tablet, capsule, powder, food product, food additive, flavored beverage, vitamin fortified beverage, non-alcoholic beverage, flavored beverage additive, vitamin fortified beverage additive, non-alcoholic beverage additive, candy, sucker, pastille, food supplement, flavored mouth spray, or suppository.
13. The composition of claim 12 , wherein the composition comprises the non-racemic mixture of S-beta-hydroxybutyrate and R-beta-hydroxybutyrate and contains from 50.5% to 99.5% by enantiomeric equivalents of S-beta-hydroxybutyrate and 49.5% to 0.5% by enantiomeric equivalents of R-beta-hydroxybutyrate.
14. The composition of claim 12 , wherein the composition comprises 75% to 99.9% by molar equivalents of at least one optically pure S-beta-hydroxybutyrate salt or 75% to 99.9% by molar equivalents of combined S-beta-hydroxybutyrate and R-beta-hydroxybutyrate salts and 25% to 0.1% by molar equivalents of S-beta-hydroxybutyric acid and/or R-beta-hydroxybutyric acid.
15. The composition of claim 12 , wherein the composition comprises at least one lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, or amino acid salt of S-beta-hydroxybutyrate.
16. The composition of claim 12 , further comprising at least one supplement selected from vitamin, mineral, nootropic, and herbal supplement.
17. The composition of claim 12 , further comprising:
a dietetically or pharmaceutically acceptable carrier selected from the group consisting of tablet, capsule, powder, food product, food additive, flavored beverage, vitamin fortified beverage, non-alcoholic beverage, flavored beverage additive, vitamin fortified beverage additive, non-alcoholic beverage additive, candy, sucker, pastille, food supplement, flavored mouth spray, and suppository.
18. A kit for administering ketone bodies to a subject, comprising:
a composition as in claim 1 ;
a container in which the composition is placed; and
a measuring device configured to hold therein a unit dose, or fraction thereof, of the composition, wherein a unit dose of the composition contains about 0.5 g to about 25 g of the optically pure S-beta-hydroxybutyrate or the non-racemic mixture of S-beta-hydroxybutyrate and R-beta-hydroxybutyrate.
19. The kit of claim 18 , wherein the container is selected from the group consisting of carton, box, can, jar, bag, pouch, bottle, jug, and keg.
20. The kit of claim 18 , wherein the measuring device is selected from the group consisting of cup, scoop, syringe, dropper, spatula, spoon, and colonic irrigation device.
21. A composition for administering ketone bodies and/or ketone body precursors to a subject, the ketone body composition comprising:
optically pure S-beta-hydroxybutyrate or a non-racemic mixture of S-beta-hydroxybutyrate and R-beta-hydroxybutyrate enriched with S-beta-hydroxybutyrate so as to contain more than 50% and less than 100% by enantiomeric equivalents of S-beta-hydroxybutyrate and less than 50% and more than 0% by enantiomeric equivalents of R-beta-hydroxybutyrate,
wherein the composition comprises one or more salts of S-beta-hydroxybutyrate selected from the group consisting of sodium salt, potassium salt, magnesium salt, transition metal salt, and amino acid salt.
22. A composition for administering ketone bodies and/or ketone body precursors to a subject, the composition comprising:
optically pure S-beta-hydroxybutyrate,
wherein the composition comprises S-beta-hydroxybutyric acid and at least one 5-beta-hydroxybutyrate salt,
wherein the composition is free of R-beta-hydroxybutyrate salts and R-beta-hydroxybutyric acid.
23. A composition for administering ketone bodies and/or ketone body precursors to a subject, the composition comprising:
optically pure S-beta-hydroxybutyrate or a non-racemic mixture of S-beta-hydroxybutyrate and R-beta-hydroxybutyrate enriched with S-beta-hydroxybutyrate so as to contain at least 93% and less than 100% by enantiomeric equivalents of S-beta-hydroxybutyrate and up to 7% and greater than 0% by enantiomeric equivalents of R-beta-hydroxybutyrate, with the proviso that:
when the composition comprises the optically pure S-beta-hydroxybutyrate it includes at least one optically pure S-beta-hydroxybutyrate salt and optically pure S-beta-hydroxybutyric acid; or
when the composition comprises the non-racemic mixture of S-beta-hydroxybutyrate and R-beta-hydroxybutyrate it includes a mixture of:
at least one S-beta-hydroxybutyrate salt;
at least one R-beta-hydroxybutyrate salt; and
at least one of S- or R-beta-hydroxybutyric acid.
24. A composition for administering ketone bodies and/or ketone body precursors to a subject, the composition comprising:
optically pure S-beta-hydroxybutyrate or a non-racemic mixture of S-beta-hydroxybutyrate and R-beta-hydroxybutyrate enriched with S-beta-hydroxybutyrate so as to contain more than 50% and less than 100% by enantiomeric equivalents of S-beta-hydroxybutyrate and less than 50% and more than 0% by enantiomeric equivalents of R-beta-hydroxybutyrate, with the proviso that:
when the composition comprises the optically pure S-beta-hydroxybutyrate it includes 75% to less than 100% by molar equivalents of at least one optically pure S-beta-hydroxybutyrate salt and greater than 0% and up to 25% by molar equivalents of optically pure S-beta-hydroxybutyric acid, or when the composition comprises the non-racemic mixture of S-beta-hydroxybutyrate and R-beta-hydroxybutyrate it includes:
at least one S-beta-hydroxybutyrate salt;
at least one R-beta-hydroxybutyrate salt; and
at least one of S- or R-beta-hydroxybutyric acid,
wherein the non-racemic mixture includes 75% to less than 100% by molar equivalents of combined S-beta-hydroxybutyrate and R-beta-hydroxybutyrate salts, and
wherein the non-racemic mixture includes greater than 0% and up to 25% by molar equivalents of S- and/or R-beta-hydroxybutyric acid.