Composite materials systems
Methods include producing tunable carbon structures and combining carbon structures with a polymer to form a composite material. Carbon structures include crinkled graphene. Methods also include functionalizing the carbon structures, either in-situ, within the plasma reactor, or in a liquid collection facility. The plasma reactor has a first control for tuning the specific surface area (SSA) of the resulting tuned carbon structures as well as a second, independent control for tuning the SSA of the tuned carbon structures. The composite materials that result from mixing the tuned carbon structures with a polymer results in composite materials that exhibit exceptional favorable mechanical and/or other properties. Mechanisms that operate between the carbon structures and the polymer yield composite materials that exhibit these exceptional mechanical properties are also examined.
1. A composite material comprising:
a polymer; and
a graphene-containing material having a specific surface area (SSA) of at least approximately 60 m 2 /g, at least 10% of the SSA combined into the polymer, wherein the composite material has a glass transition temperature that is at least 20% greater than a glass transition temperature of the polymer in absence of the graphene-containing material.
2. The composite material of claim 1 , wherein the composite material has a storage modulus of at least approximately 2.5 GPa at approximately 50 degrees Celsius.
3. The composite material of claim 1 , wherein the composite material has a maximum tan delta of about 1.5.
4. The composite material of claim 1 , wherein the composite material has a maximum tan delta of greater than 0.25.
5. The composite material of claim 1 , wherein the composite material has a 30% higher storage modulus than the polymer in absence of the graphene-containing material.
6. The composite material of claim 1 , wherein the composite material has a glass transition temperature higher than approximately 30 degrees Celsius.
7. The composite material of claim 1 , wherein the composite material has a glass transition temperature that is at least the glass transition temperature of the polymer independent of the graphene-containing material.
8. The composite material of claim 1 , wherein the graphene-containing material has a fractal dimension greater than approximately 1.0.
9. The composite material of claim 1 , wherein the graphene-containing material has an individual platelet layer count includes between approximately 2 layers and approximately 25 layers.
10. The composite material of claim 1 , wherein the graphene-containing material has D/G ratio of Raman band intensities of 0.3-1.
11. The composite material of claim 1 , wherein the graphene-containing material has oxygen-containing species of less than approximately 5% and greater than approximately 0.2%.
12. The composite material of claim 1 , wherein the graphene-containing material has oxygen-containing species of less than approximately 10%.
13. The composite material of claim 1 , wherein the graphene-containing material has particle sizes that includes between smaller than approximately 0.1 and approximately 1.0 micron.
14. The composite material of claim 1 , wherein the graphene-containing material has particle sizes including between approximately 200 nanometers and approximately 5 microns.