Electroplating bath containing trivalent chromium and process for depositing chromium

1. An electroplating bath for depositing chromium metal coating on a substrate or chromium metal alloy coating on a substrate consisting essentially of:

(a) 50 to 400 g/L (0.164 M to 1.314 M) of at least one trivalent chromium salt,

(b) 100 to 400 g/L (2.17 M to 8.68 M) of at least one complexing agent,

(c) 5 to 50 g/L(0.0425 M to 0.425 M) of at least one halogen salt,

(d) 0.5 to 10 g/L of additives, wherein the additives comprise a quaternary ammonium compound,

(e) 70 to 110 g/L of ammonia, and

(f) optionally an alloy former,

wherein the electroplating bath has a pH from 4 to 7 and is substantially free of divalent sulphur compounds and boric acid, its salts and/or derivatives and wherein the molar ratio of the complexing agent to the trivalent chromium salt is from 10:1 to 15:1,

wherein the electroplating bath is substantially free of aluminium ions; and

wherein the at least one complexing agent is selected from the group consisting of carboxylic acids and carboxylate salts,

whereby, when the substrate is immersed in the electroplating bath and an electrical current is applied, the substrate is deposited with a chromium metal coating or a chromium metal alloy coating.

2. The electroplating bath of claim 1 , wherein the trivalent chromium salt is selected from the group consisting of chromium(III) sulphate, in acidic or alkaline form, chromium(III) chloride, chromium(III) acetate, chromium(III) hydroxy acetate, chromium(III) formate, chromium(III) hydroxy formate, chromium(III) carbonate, chromium(III) methanesulfonate, potassium chromium(III) sulphate, and mixtures thereof.

3. The electroplating bath of claim 1 , wherein the trivalent chromium salt is present in an amount of 100 to 300 g/L (0.328 M to 0.984 M).

4. The electroplating bath of claim 1 , wherein the trivalent chromium salt is present in an amount of 120 to 160 g/L (0.3936 M to 0.5248 M).

5. The electroplating bath of claim 1 , wherein the anion of the trivalent chromium salt is the anion of a volatile or electrochemically consumable acid.

6. The electroplating bath of claim 1 , wherein the alloy former is present in the electroplating bath and is selected from the group consisting of vanadium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum, tungsten, and mixtures thereof.

7. The electroplating bath of claim 1 , wherein the electroplating bath further comprises carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen provided from organic components or the ammonia in the electroplating bath.

8. The electroplating bath of claim 1 , wherein the complexing agent is present in an amount of 100 to 300 g/L (2.17 M to 6.61 M) and/or the molar ratio of the complexing agent to the trivalent chromium salt is from 10:1 to 13:1.

9. The electroplating bath of claim 1 , wherein the halogen salt is selected from the group consisting of bromide, chloride, iodide, and fluoride salts.

10. The electroplating bath of claim 1 , wherein the electroplating bath is substantially free of chloride ions.

11. The electroplating bath of claim 1 , wherein the at least one carboxylic acid or carboxylate salt is present as the sole at least one complexing agent in the electroplating bath.

12. The electroplating bath of claim 1 , wherein the electroplating bath has a pH from 5.0 to 5.5.

13. A process for depositing chromium on a substrate including the following steps:

providing the electroplating bath of claim 1 ,

providing an anode,

immersing a substrate in the electroplating bath, and

applying an electrical current to deposit a trivalent chromium metal coating or a chromium metal alloy coating on the substrate.

14. The process of claim 13 , wherein the electroplating bath is separated from the anode by a membrane.

15. The process of claim 14 , wherein an anolyte of the electroplating bath comprises chromium(III) sulphate.

16. The process according to claim 13 , wherein trivalent chromium is deposited at a thickness within a range of 10 to 400 μm.

17. The process according to claim 13 , wherein the electrical current applied is direct current.

18. The process according to claim 13 , wherein the electrical current applied is pulsed current.

19. An electroplating bath for depositing chromium metal coating on a substrate or chromium metal alloy coating on a substrate consisting essentially of:

(a) 50 to 400 g/L (0.164 M to 1.314 M) of at least one trivalent chromium salt,

(b) 100 to 400 g/L (2.17 M to 8.68 M) of at least one complexing agent, wherein the at least one complexing agent is selected from the group consisting of carboxylic acids and carboxylate salts and wherein the at least one carboxylic acid or carboxylate salt is present as the sole at least one complexing agent in the electroplating bath,

(c) 5 to 50 g/L (0.0425 M to 0.425 M) of at least one halogen salt,

(d) 70 to 110 g/L of ammonia;

(e) 0.5 to 10 g/L of additives, wherein the additives comprise a quaternary ammonium compound, and

(f) optionally an alloy former,

wherein the electroplating bath has a pH from 4 to 7 and is substantially free of divalent sulphur compounds and boric acid, its salts and/or derivatives and wherein the molar ratio of the complexing agent to the trivalent chromium salt is from 10:1 to 15:1,

wherein the electroplating bath is substantially free of aluminium ions and is substantially free of chloride ions;

whereby, when the substrate is immersed in the electroplating bath and an electrical current is applied, the substrate is deposited with a chromium metal coating or a chromium metal alloy coating.

20. The electroplating bath of claim 19 , wherein the electroplating bath has a pH from 5.0 to 5.5.

21. An electroplating bath for depositing chromium metal coating on a substrate or chromium metal alloy coating on a substrate consisting of:

(a) 50 to 400 g/L (0.164 M to 1.314 M) of at least one trivalent chromium salt,

(b) 100 to 400 g/L (2.17 M to 8.68 M) of at least one complexing agent,

(c) 5 to 50 g/L (0.0425 M to 0.425 M) of at least one halogen salt, and

(d) 0.5 to 10 g/L of additives, wherein the additives comprise a quaternary ammonium compound, and

(e) 70 to 110 g/L of ammonia,

wherein the electroplating bath has a pH from 4 to 7;

wherein the molar ratio of the complexing agent to the trivalent chromium salt is from 10:1 to 15:1,

wherein the at least one complexing agent is selected from the group consisting of carboxylic acids and carboxylate salts,

whereby, when the substrate is immersed in the electroplating bath and an electrical current is applied, the substrate is deposited with a chromium metal coating or a chromium metal alloy coating.