Developing a three-dimensional quality factor model of a subterranean formation based on vertical seismic profiles

1. A method for developing a three-dimensional model of a subterranean formation based on zero offset vertical seismic profiles at a plurality of well locations, the method comprising:

receiving seismic data for the subterranean formation, the seismic data including the zero offset vertical seismic profiles;

for each of the zero offset vertical seismic profiles, injecting a ground force into the zero offset vertical seismic profile to provide a reference trace at depth zero in order to estimate energy loss in each receiver providing data in the zero offset vertical seismic profile;

for each of the zero offset vertical seismic profiles, estimating time and depth variant quality factors for the well location associated with the zero offset vertical seismic profile based on the seismic profile;

estimating quality factors for points within a three-dimensional volume representing the subterranean formation by interpolating between the time and depth variant quality factors for the location associated with each zero offset vertical seismic profile; and

combining the estimated quality factors to generate a three-dimensional quality factor model of the three-dimensional volume representing the subterranean formation.

2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising applying the three-dimensional quality factor model to surface seismic data to adjust the surface seismic data to compensate for loss of energy in the surface seismic data.

3. The method of claim 2 , further comprising, performing amplitude versus offset analysis using the adjusted surface seismic data.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the interpolating comprises geostatistical kriging.

5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the interpolating further comprises co-kriging with seismic attributes including dip-velocity and coherency.

6. The method of claim 1 , further comprising defining a continuous surface seismic attribute that has a positive correlation with the estimated quality factors at the well locations.

7. The method of claim 6 , wherein defining a continuous surface seismic attribute that has a positive correlation with the estimated quality factors at the well locations comprises cross plotting the estimated quality factors at the well location with different surface seismic attributes.

8. The method of claim 7 , further comprising selecting one of the different surface seismic attributes to use as secondary data for co-kriging.

9. The method of claim 1 , further comprising cross-correlating a seismic trace corresponding to the zero offset vertical seismic profiles at multiple well locations with full surface seismic data for the subterranean formation to estimate a background quality factor model.

10. The method of claim 9 , further comprising using the background quality factor model as secondary data for co-kriging.

11. The method of claim 1 , further comprising cross-correlating the time and depth variant quality factors for the well location with well logs and seismic amplitude data associated with the well location.

12. A system for developing a three-dimensional model of a subterranean formation based on zero offset vertical seismic profiles at a plurality of well locations, the system comprising:

one or more processing devices and one or more non-transitory machine-readable storage devices storing instructions that are executable by the one or more processing devices to cause performance of operations comprising:

receiving seismic data for the subterranean formation, the seismic data including the zero offset vertical seismic profiles;

for each of the zero offset vertical seismic profiles, injecting a ground force into the zero offset vertical seismic profile to provide a reference trace at depth zero in order to estimate energy loss in each receiver providing data in the zero offset vertical seismic profile;

for each of the zero offset vertical seismic profiles, estimating time and depth variant quality factors for the well location associated with the zero offset vertical seismic profile based on the zero offset vertical seismic profile;

estimating quality factors for points within a three-dimensional volume representing the subterranean formation by interpolating between the time and depth variant quality factors for the location associated with each zero offset vertical seismic profile; and

combining the estimated quality factors to generate a three-dimensional quality factor model of the three-dimensional volume representing the subterranean formation.

13. The system of claim 12 , wherein the operations further comprise applying the three-dimensional quality factor model to surface seismic data to adjust the surface seismic data to compensate for loss of energy in the surface seismic data.

14. The system of claim 13 , wherein the operations further comprise performing amplitude versus offset analysis using the adjusted surface seismic data.

15. The system of claim 12 , wherein the interpolating comprises co-kriging with seismic attributes including dip-velocity and coherency.

16. The system of claim 12 , wherein the operations further comprise defining a continuous surface seismic attribute that has a positive correlation with the estimated quality factors at the well locations.

17. The system of claim 16 , wherein defining a continuous surface seismic attribute that has a positive correlation with the estimated quality factors at the well locations comprises cross plotting the estimated quality factors at the well location with different surface seismic attributes and further comprising selecting one of the different surface seismic attributes to use as secondary data for co-kriging.

18. The system of claim 12 , wherein the operations further comprise:

cross-correlating a seismic trace corresponding to the zero offset vertical seismic profiles at multiple well locations with full surface seismic data for the subterranean formation to estimate a background quality factor model; and

using the background quality factor model as secondary data for co-kriging.