VTOL aircraft
The aircraft can include: an airframe, a tilt mechanism, a payload housing, and can optionally include an impact attenuator, a set of ground support members (e.g., struts), a set of power sources, and a set of control elements. The airframe can include: a set of rotors and a set of support members.
1. An electric aircraft system comprising:
a payload housing;
an airframe coupled to the payload housing, the airframe comprising:
a left wing defining a first broad surface;
a right wing defining a second broad surface;
a left support member mounted to the left wing, the left support member comprising a first end and a second end arranged on opposite sides of the first broad surface; and
a right support member mounted to the right wing, the right support member comprising a first end and a second end arranged on opposite sides of the second broad surface;
a tilt mechanism rotatably coupling the left wing and the right wing to the payload housing, the tilt mechanism configured to transform the electric aircraft system between a forward configuration and a hover configuration by rotating the left wing and right wing between a first and a second position; and
a plurality of propulsion assemblies comprising:
a left outboard propulsion assembly mounted to the left wing outboard of the left support member;
a right outboard propulsion assembly mounted to the right wing outboard of the right support member;
a first and second inboard propulsion assembly mounted to the first and second ends of the left support member, respectively; and
a third and fourth inboard propulsion assembly mounted to the first and second ends of the right support member, respectively,
wherein each of the plurality of propulsion assemblies comprises:
an electric motor; and
a propeller rotatably coupled to the electric motor about an axis of rotation at a fixed angle of attack relative to a wing chord line, the fixed angle of attack defined between the axis of rotation and the wing chord line, wherein the fixed angle of attack is non-zero.
2. The electric aircraft system of claim 1 , wherein the fixed angle of attack is between 3 degrees and 9 degrees.
3. The electric aircraft system of claim 1 , wherein the left wing comprises a torsional stiffening member extending from the tilt mechanism to the left outboard propulsion assembly, wherein the left support member comprises an anti-lateral torsional stiffening member extending from the first propulsion assembly to the second propulsion assembly, wherein the anti-lateral torsional-stiffening member does not intersect the torsional-stiffening member.
4. The electric aircraft system of claim 1 , wherein the propeller of each propulsion assembly defines a disc area and a disc plane containing the disc area, wherein the propeller of each propulsion assembly comprises a hub at the center of the disc area, wherein the hub of the second and fourth inboard propulsion assemblies is below a base of the payload housing in the forward configuration.
5. The electric aircraft system of claim 4 , wherein the electric aircraft system defines a center of mass, a lateral axis extending through the center of mass, a vertical axis extending through the center of mass, and a lateral-vertical plane containing the lateral axis and the vertical axis, wherein the hub of the first inboard propulsion assembly and the hub of the left outboard propulsion assembly are arranged on opposing sides of the lateral-vertical plane in the forward configuration.
6. The electric aircraft system of claim 5 , wherein the tilt mechanism is configured to rotate the left and right wing about a tilt axis, wherein the tilt axis is rearward of the center of mass.
7. The electric aircraft system of claim 5 , wherein the left wing and the right wing are anhedral.
8. The electric aircraft system of claim 1 , wherein the tilt mechanism is configured to rotate the left and right wings less than 90 degrees between the forward and hover configurations.
9. The electric aircraft system of claim 1 , wherein the electric aircraft system does not comprise an elevator, aileron, or rudder.
10. The electric aircraft system of claim 1 , wherein the electric aircraft system defines a weight vector and is configured to generate a net lift vector opposing the weight vector during flight, wherein the propulsion assemblies are configured to generate at least 25 percent of the net lift vector during forward flight.
11. The electric aircraft system of claim 1 , wherein the electric aircraft system is configured to change a heading of the electric aircraft system during forward flight without banking.
12. The electric aircraft system of claim 1 , wherein the propulsion assemblies are configured to simultaneously regenerate electrical energy and generate a net moment about the aircraft center of mass.
13. The electric aircraft system of claim 1 , wherein the left and right wings cooperatively define a total projected wing area, wherein the propellers of the propulsion assemblies cooperatively define a total projected blade area, wherein the total projected blade area is between 50% and 200% of the total projected wing area.
14. The electric aircraft system of claim 1 , wherein each propeller of the plurality of propulsion assemblies comprises five blades.
15. An electric aircraft system comprising:
a payload housing;
a left wing defining a first broad surface;
a right wing defining a second broad surface;
a left support member mounted to the left wing, the left support member comprising a first end and a second end arranged on opposite sides of the first broad surface; and
a right support member mounted to the right wing, the right support member comprising a first end and a second end arranged on opposite sides of the second broad surface;
a tilt mechanism connecting the left wing and the right wing to the payload housing, the tilt mechanism configured to independently rotate the left wing and the right wing relative to the payload housing; and
a plurality of propulsion assemblies comprising:
a left outboard propulsion assembly mounted to the left wing outboard of the left support member;
a right outboard propulsion assembly mounted to the right wing outboard of the right support member;
a first and second inboard propulsion assembly mounted to the first and second ends of the left support member, respectively; and
a third and fourth inboard propulsion assembly mounted to the first and second ends of the right support member, respectively.
16. The electric aircraft system of claim 15 , wherein the left wing comprises a torsional stiffening member extending from the tilt mechanism to the left outboard propulsion assembly, wherein the left support member comprises an anti-lateral torsional stiffening member extending from the first propulsion assembly to the second propulsion assembly, wherein the anti-lateral torsional-stiffening member does not intersect the torsional-stiffening member.
17. The electric aircraft system of claim 15 , wherein the electric aircraft system is configured to change a heading of the electric aircraft system during forward flight without banking.
18. The electric aircraft system of claim 17 , wherein the electric aircraft system does not comprise an elevator, aileron, or rudder.