Methods for synthesizing vanadium oxide nanobelts and applications as cathode materials for batteries
In general, the present disclosure is directed to methods for synthesizing vanadium oxide nanobelts, as well as the corresponding chemical composition of the vanadium oxide nanobelts. Also described are materials which can incorporate the vanadium oxide nanobelts, such as including the vanadium oxide nanobelts as a cathode material for use in energy storage applications (e.g., batteries). The vanadium oxide nanobelts described herein display structural characteristics that may provide improved diffusion and/or charge transfer between ions. Thus, batteries incorporating implementations of the current disclosure may demonstrate improved properties such as higher capacity retention over charge discharge cycling.
1. A method of forming a vanadium oxide nanobelt, the method comprising:
dissolving a vanadium compound, an alkali metal salt, and an alkaline earth metal salt in a solvent to form a solution, the solution having a pH between about 6.00 and about 8.00;
sealing the solution in a sealable vessel; and
heating the sealed vessel containing the solution at a temperature for a time period, wherein the vanadium compound has an oxidation state of +3 or +5.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the vanadium compound includes vanadium chloride and/or ammonium vanadate.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the alkaline earth metal salt comprises a calcium salt.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the calcium salt includes calcium nitrate, calcium chloride, or calcium hydroxide.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the alkali metal salt comprises a sodium salt.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the sodium salt includes sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide, sodium nitrate, or sodium nitrite.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the sealable vessel comprises an autoclave.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the solvent comprises water.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the pH is between about 6.50 and about 7.50.
10. A composition for a cathode, the composition comprising NaCaVO.
11. The composition of claim 10 , wherein the composition includes the empirical formula NaCa 0.6 V 6 O 16 .
12. The composition of claim 11 , wherein the composition comprises water, the composition is a hydrate, or both.
13. The composition of claim 12 , wherein the hydrate includes between two to 4 water molecules.
14. The composition of claim 10 , wherein the NaCaVO has a surface area of about 120 m 2 g −1 to about 160 m 2 g −1 .
15. A battery comprising:
a cathode comprising the composition of claim 10 and
an anode comprising zinc.
16. The battery of claim 15 , wherein the battery retains greater than 75% of capacity after about 10,000 charge-discharge cycles relative to the first charge-discharge cycle.
17. The battery of claim 15 , wherein the battery displays an energy density of about 240 to about 260 Wh kg −1 at about 0.1 A/g.
18. The battery of claim 15 further comprising an electrolyte.
19. The battery of claim 18 , wherein the electrolyte comprises Zn(CF 3 SO 3 ) 2 .