Replication competent attenuated vaccinia viruses with deletion of thymidine kinase with and without the expression of human Flt3L or GM-CSF for cancer immunotherapy
The present invention relates generally to the fields of oncology, virology and immunotherapy. More particularly, it concerns the use of poxviruses, specifically the replication competent attenuated vaccinia virus with deletion of thymidine kinase (VC-TK − ) with and without the expression of human Flt3L or GM-CSF as oncolytic and immunotherapy. The foregoing poxviruses can also be used in combination with immune checkpoint blocking agents. The foregoing poxviruses can also be inactivated via Heat or UV-treatment and the inactivated virus can be used as immunotherapy either alone or in combination with immune checkpoint blocking agents.
1. A method for treating a subject afflicted with a solid malignant tumor, the method comprising delivering to cells of the tumor a therapeutically effective amount of replication competent or inactivated recombinant E3LΔ83N-TK−-hFlt3L vaccinia virus.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the amount is effective to accomplish one or more of the following:
induce the immune system of the subject to mount an immune response against the tumor; reduce the size of the tumor;
eradicate the tumor;
inhibit growth of the tumor;
inhibit metastasis of the tumor; and
reduce or eradicate metastatic tumor.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the tumor includes tumor located at the site of delivery, or tumor located both at said site and elsewhere in the body of the subject.
4. The method of claim 2 , wherein the immune response comprises one or more of the following:
increase in cytotoxic CD8+ T cells within the tumor and/or in tumor-draining lymph nodes;
induction of maturation of dendritic cells infiltrating said tumor through induction of type I IFN;
induction of activated CD4+ effector T cells in the subject recognizing tumor cells within the tumor or systemically; and
increase of CD103+ dendritic cells in non-injected tumors of the subject.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the tumor is primary or metastatic melanoma, or breast carcinoma, or colon carcinoma.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the recombinant E3LΔ83N-TK−-hFlt3L vaccinia virus is heat-inactivated.
7. A method for treating a solid malignant tumor in a subject in need thereof, wherein the subject has been previously treated or dosed with a composition comprising a recombinant vaccinia virus selected from the group consisting of: (i) E3LΔ83N-TK−-hFlt3L; (ii) E3LΔ83N-TK−; (iii) E3LΔ83N-TK−-GM-CSF; and (iv) combinations thereof in replicative or inactivated form in an amount effective to induce the immune system of the subject to mount an immune response against the tumor,
the method comprising delivering to tumor cells of the subject an effective amount of an immune checkpoint blocking agent.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the amount of the immune checkpoint blocking agent is effective to block immune suppressive mechanisms within the tumor elicited by tumor cells, stromal cells, or tumor infiltrating immune cells.
9. The method of claim 7 , wherein the immune checkpoint blocking agent comprises one or any combination of: an inhibitor of CTLA-4, CD80, CD86, PD-1, PDL1, PDL2, LAG3, B7-H3, B7-H4, TIM3, ICOS, II DLBCL, or BTLA.
10. The method of claim 7 , wherein the immune checkpoint blocking agent comprises one or any combination of: ipilimumab, nivolumab, pembrolizumab, pidilizumab, AMP-224, MPDL3280A, BMS-936559, MEDI4736, or MSB 00107180.
11. The method of claim 7 , wherein the immune response comprises one or more of the following:
increase in cytotoxic CD8+ T cells within the tumor and/or in tumor-draining lymph nodes;
induction of maturation of dendritic cells infiltrating said tumor through induction of type I IFN;
induction of activated CD4+ effector T cells in the subject recognizing tumor cells within the tumor or systemically; and
increase of CD103+ dendritic cells in non-injected tumors of the subject.
12. The method of claim 7 , wherein the tumor is primary or metastatic melanoma, or breast carcinoma, or colon carcinoma.