Compositions and methods for doped thermoelectric ceramic oxides
Disclosed herein are doped thermoelectric ceramic oxide compositions comprising a calcium cobaltite ceramic. The doped thermoelectric ceramic oxide compositions can have a formula Ca 3-x M 2 x Co 4 O 9 M 1 y , where M 1 represents a first metal dopant, M 2 represents a second metal dopant, x is a number having a value of from about 0.00 to about 3.00, and y is a number having a value of from about 0.01 to about 0.50. The doped thermoelectric ceramic oxide compositions have an increased energy conversion efficiency as compared to an undoped or conventional thermoelectric ceramic oxide materials. Also disclosed are methods for making the doped thermoelectric ceramic oxide compositions. Products and devices are disclosed comprising the thermoelectric ceramic oxide compositions, e.g., solid-state conversion devices that can utilize heat to generate electricity. This abstract is intended as a scanning tool for purposes of searching in the particular art and is not intended to be limiting of the present disclosure.
1. A doped thermoelectric ceramic oxide having the following formula:
Ca 3-x M 2 x Co 4 O 9 M 1 y
wherein x is a number having a value from greater than about 0.00 to about 3;
wherein y is a number having a value from greater than or equal to about 0.01 to about 0.50;
wherein M 1 is a first metal dopant comprises a metal selected from group 1 metals, group metals, transition metals, post-transition metals, group 14 metals, group 15 metals, group 16 metals, and rare earth elements; and
wherein M 2 is a second metal dopant comprising at least one rare earth element.
2. The doped thermoelectric ceramic oxide of claim 1 , wherein the first metal dopant comprises a metal selected from K, Bi, Ce, Nb, Yb, Lu, and Ba.
3. The doped thermoelectric ceramic oxide of claim 2 , wherein the first metal dopant comprises a metal selected from Bi and K.
4. The doped thermoelectric ceramic oxide of claim 3 , wherein the first metal dopant comprises Bi.
5. The doped thermoelectric ceramic oxide of claim 3 , wherein the first metal dopant comprises K.
6. The doped thermoelectric ceramic oxide of claim 1 , wherein the second metal dopant comprises a metal selected from La, Ce, Tb, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm Yb, Lu, and combinations thereof.
7. The doped thermoelectric ceramic oxide of claim 6 , wherein the second metal dopant comprises a metal selected from Tb, Pr, and combinations thereof.
8. The doped thermoelectric ceramic oxide of claim 7 , wherein the second metal dopant comprises Tb.
9. The doped thermoelectric ceramic oxide of claim 7 , wherein the second metal dopant comprises Pr.
10. The doped thermoelectric ceramic oxide of claim 1 , The doped thermoelectric ceramic oxide of claim 1 , wherein the first metal dopant comprises a metal selected from Bi, Ba, and K; and wherein the second metal dopant comprises a metal selected from Tb, Pr, and combinations thereof.
11. The doped thermoelectric ceramic oxide of claim 1 , further comprising a plurality of grains comprising intragranular structures, wherein the first metal dopant dopant, the first metal dopant dopant, or both are present in the intragranular structures.
12. The doped thermoelectric ceramic oxide of claim 1 , further comprising a plurality of grain boundaries disposed between adjacent grains, wherein the first metal dopant is present in the grain boundaries.
13. A method of making a doped thermoelectric ceramic oxide of claim 1 , the method comprising:
doping a ceramic oxide formulation with a first metal dopant, M 1 , in a sol-gel process resulting in a gel;
heating the gel to form an ash;
grinding the ash into an ash-based powder;
compressing the ash-based powder into a pellet; and
sintering the pellet to form the doped thermoelectric ceramic oxide.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the first metal dopant comprises a metal selected from K, Bi, Ce, Nb, Yb, Lu, and Ba.
15. The method of claim 13 , wherein the doped thermoelectric ceramic oxide has the molecular formula Ca 3 Co 4 O 9+δ M 1 y ; wherein M 1 is a metal selected from K, Bi, Ce, Nb, Yb, Lu, and Ba; and wherein y is a number having a value from greater than or equal to about 0.01 to about 0.50.
16. The method of claim 13 , further comprising doping the ceramic oxide formulation with a second metal dopant, M 2 , in the sol-gel process.
17. The method of claim 16 , the second metal dopant comprises a metal selected from La, Ce, Tb, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm Yb, Lu, and combinations thereof.
18. The method of claim 16 , wherein the doped thermoelectric ceramic oxide has the molecular formula Ca 3-x M 2 x Co 4 O 9 M 1 y , where first metal dopant, M 1 , is a metal selected from Bi, Ce, Nb, Yb, Lu, and Ba; wherein the first metal dopant dopant, M 2 , is a metal selected from La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, or Lu, as described herein; wherein x is a number having a value of from greater than about 0.00 to about 3.0; and wherein y is a number having a value of from greater than or equal to about 0.01 to about 0.50.
19. A solid-state conversion device comprising a disclosed thermoelectric ceramic oxide composition of claim 1 .
20. A solid-state conversion device comprising a disclosed thermoelectric ceramic oxide composition made by the method of claim 13 .