Compatibilizers for polymer-nanocellulose composites
This disclosure provides a polymer composite including a polymer, nanocellulose, and a compatibilizer, wherein the nanocellulose comprises cellulose nanocrystals and/or cellulose nanofibrils, and wherein the compatibilizer comprises a maleated polymer. In some embodiments, the nanocellulose includes lignin-coated nanocellulose. The polymer may be selected from polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polylactide, or poly(ethylene terephthalate). The maleated polymer may be selected from maleated polyethylene, maleated polypropylene, maleated polystyrene, maleated polylactide, or maleated poly(ethylene terephthalate. Other variations provide a process for compatibilizing a polymer with nanocellulose, comprising: providing a polymer; providing nanocellulose comprising cellulose nanocrystals and/or cellulose nanofibrils; providing a maleated polymer; and combining the polymer, the nanocellulose, and the maleated polymer, wherein the maleated polymer functions as a compatibilizer between the polymer and the nanocellulose.
1. A polymer composite including nanocellulose and a maleated polymer, wherein said nanocellulose comprises cellulose nanocrystals and/or cellulose nanofibrils, wherein said nanocellulose includes hydrophobic, lignin-coated nanocellulose, wherein said maleated polymer is selected from the group consisting of maleated polyethylene, maleated polypropylene, maleated polylactide, maleated poly(ethylene terephthalate), and combinations thereof, wherein said maleated polymer includes (a) a maleic acid or maleic anhydride functional group and (b) a polymer backbone that does not contain maleic acid or maleic anhydride, and wherein said maleated polymer is a compatibilizer for compatibilizing said nanocellulose with said polymer backbone.
2. The polymer composite of claim 1 , where said maleated polymer is biomass-based, biodegradable, and/or compostable.
3. The polymer composite of claim 2 , wherein said maleated polymer is derived from maleic anhydride produced from biomass-derived 5-hydroxymethylfurfural.
4. The polymer composite of claim 1 , wherein said polymer composite contains from about 0.01 wt % to about 99 wt % of said nanocellulose and from about 0.01 wt % to about 99 wt % of said maleated polymer, on a basis of the total weight of said polymer composite.
5. A process for compatibilizing a polymer with nanocellulose, said process comprising:
(a) providing a polymer;
(b) providing nanocellulose comprising cellulose nanocrystals and/or cellulose nanofibrils;
(c) providing a reactant comprising maleic acid and/or maleic anhydride or a salt thereof; and
(d) combining said polymer, said nanocellulose, and said reactant under effective reaction conditions to compatibilize said polymer with said nanocellulose,
wherein step (d) generates a maleated form of said polymer, wherein said maleated form of said polymer is selected from the group consisting of maleated polyethylene, maleated polypropylene, maleated polylactide, maleated poly(ethylene terephthalate), and combinations thereof, wherein said maleated form of said polymer includes (i) a functional group comprising said maleic acid or said maleic anhydride and (ii) a polymer backbone that does not contain maleic acid or maleic anhydride, and wherein said maleated form of said polymer is a compatibilizer for compatibilizing said nanocellulose with said polymer backbone.
6. The process of claim 5 , wherein in step (d), said reactant is present at a concentration from about 0.005 wt % to about 5 wt % based on the total weight of said polymer, said nanocellulose, and said reactant.