Apparatus and methods for assisted breathing by transvascular nerve stimulation

1. A catheter, comprising:

an outer layer defining a plurality of apertures therethrough;

a body defining at least one longitudinal lumen therein, wherein at least a portion of the body is within the outer layer, and the apertures are radially outward of the lumen;

a plurality of electrodes positioned radially outward of the lumen, each electrode being electrically exposed through an aperture of the plurality of apertures; and

a plurality of leads, the plurality of leads being electrically connected to the plurality of electrodes;

wherein the plurality of electrodes includes a plurality of proximal electrodes extending a first length of the outer layer and a plurality of distal electrodes extending a second length of the outer layer;

the proximal electrodes include a first longitudinally extending row of proximal electrodes and a second longitudinally extending row of proximal electrodes; and

the distal electrodes include a first longitudinally extending row of distal electrodes and a second longitudinally extending row of distal electrodes;

the second length of the outer layer does not include an electrode at the same circumferential position as the first longitudinally extending row of proximal electrodes; and

the first length of the outer layer does not include an electrode at the same circumferential position as the first longitudinally extending row of distal electrodes.

2. The catheter of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of leads are at least partially surrounded by a nonconducting material.

3. The catheter of claim 1 , wherein the at least one longitudinal lumen includes a fluid lumen and a guide wire lumen.

4. The catheter of claim 1 , wherein the first longitudinally extending row of proximal electrodes is circumferentially aligned with either the first longitudinally extending row of distal electrodes or the second longitudinally extending row of distal electrodes.

5. The catheter of claim 1 , wherein a lead of the plurality leads is electrically connected to a distal electrode and electrically insulated from each electrode of the plurality of proximal electrodes.

6. The catheter of claim 1 , further including a chip configured to interface with a controller, wherein the controller is external to the catheter and is configured to send electrical signals to one or more electrodes of the plurality of electrodes.

7. The catheter of claim 1 , further including a conductive element positioned within each aperture of the plurality of apertures, wherein each conductive element connects an electrode to a lead.

8. The catheter of claim 1 , wherein activation of at least two electrodes of the plurality of electrodes generates an electrical field extending radially outward from only a portion of a circumference of the catheter.

9. The catheter of claim 1 , wherein each row of proximal electrodes and each row of distal electrodes includes at least two electrodes.

10. The catheter of claim 1 , wherein the first length and the second length do not overlap.

11. The catheter of claim 1 , wherein the second length of the outer layer does not include an electrode at the same circumferential position as the second longitudinally extending row of proximal electrodes; and

the first length of the outer layer does not include an electrode at the same circumferential position as the second longitudinally extending row of distal electrodes.

12. A catheter, comprising:

a body defining at least one longitudinal lumen therein;

a plurality of first electrodes positioned radially outward of the at least one lumen, and extending along a first length of the catheter;

a plurality of second electrodes positioned radially outward of the at least one lumen, and extending along a second length of the catheter, wherein the second length is closer to a distal end of the catheter than the first length;

wherein each electrode of the plurality of proximal electrodes and each electrode of the plurality of distal electrodes is exposed through a corresponding aperture in a nonconductive material; and

a plurality of leads, where each lead is electrically connected to a corresponding electrode of the plurality of proximal electrodes or the plurality of distal electrodes;

wherein the second length of the catheter does not include an electrode at the same circumferential position as a first row of first electrodes; and

the first length of the catheter does not include an electrode at the same circumferential position as a first row of second electrodes.

13. The catheter of claim 12 , wherein the at least one longitudinal lumen includes a fluid lumen and a guide wire lumen.

14. The catheter of claim 13 , wherein the at least one longitudinal lumen further includes a plurality of electrically connecting lumens, wherein each lead of the plurality of leads is at least partially disposed in an electrically connecting lumen of the plurality of electrically connecting lumens.

15. The catheter of claim 12 , further including a chip configured to interface with a controller, wherein the controller is external to the catheter and is configured to send electrical signals to one or more electrodes of the plurality of first electrodes or the plurality of second electrodes.

16. The catheter of claim 15 , wherein upon receipt of a signal from the controller, the one or more electrodes are configured to emit an electrical field extending radially outward from only a portion of a circumference of the catheter.

17. The catheter of claim 12 , wherein a longitudinal distance between a distalmost electrode of the plurality of first electrodes and a proximalmost electrode of the plurality of second electrodes is greater than a longitudinal distance between any two adjacent electrodes of the plurality of first electrodes and a longitudinal distance between any two adjacent electrodes of the plurality of second electrodes.