Devices and methods for reducing intrathoracic pressure
Devices and methods are provided to treat acute and chronic heart failure by using one or more implantable or non-implantable sensors along with phrenic nerve stimulation to reduce intrathoracic pressure and thereby reduce pulmonary artery, atrial, and ventricular pressures leading to reduced complications and hospitalization.
1. A method for treating respiratory disorders, comprising:
sensing at least one characteristic of a subject's intrinsic respiration via one or multiple sensors positioned internally or externally relative to the subject;
sensing at least one characteristic indicative of the subject's intrathoracic pressure; and
stimulating a phrenic nerve of the subject via an electrode positioned in proximity to the phrenic nerve at least during a portion of the subject's exhalation and/or the subject's rest cycle to maintain a contraction of the subject's diaphragm relative to a non-stimulated condition during the subject's exhalation and/or the subject's rest cycle over a sustained period of time via the electrode to increase a functional residual capacity of the subject's lungs until the subject's mean or average intrathoracic pressure is decreased.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the sensed characteristic of the subject's intrinsic respiration includes the subject's respiratory phase, and wherein the phrenic nerve is stimulated during the portion of the subject's exhalation and/or the subject's rest cycle such that at least one breath is augmented to further increase the functional residual capacity of the subject's lungs.
3. The method of claim 1 , further comprising monitoring the subject's cardiac output by monitoring a signal indicative of one or more of a pulmonary artery pressure, right ventricle pressure, left atrium pressure, left ventricle pressure, cardiac contractility, and/or cardiac and intrathoracic impedances.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the stimulation applied to the phrenic nerve is adjusted in response to the at least one characteristic of a subject's intrinsic respiration and/or sensing at least one characteristic indicative of the subject's intrathoracic pressure such that an initial pressure within a thoracic chamber is reduced.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the stimulating of the phrenic nerve comprises stimulating to improve a hemodynamic parameter of the heart.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the stimulation applied to the phrenic nerve is adjusted in response to the at least one characteristic of a subject's intrinsic respiration and/or sensing at least one characteristic indicative of the subject's intrathoracic pressure to improve a cardiac output.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the stimulating of the phrenic nerve comprises stimulating in an acute or chronic setting.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the stimulating of the phrenic nerve comprises decreasing a right atrial pressure and improving kidney filtration.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the stimulating of the phrenic nerve comprises reducing a cardiac filling pressure to reduce the subject's renal pressure.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the stimulating of the phrenic nerve comprises modulating or manipulating the intrathoracic pressure to activate renal sympathetic activity.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the stimulating of the phrenic nerve comprises modulating or manipulating the intrathoracic pressure to activate renal sympathetic activity such that a kidney glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is increased.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein stimulating the phrenic nerve comprises reducing a sympathetic efferent outflow to a heart of the patient such that norepinephrine spillover is reduced.
13. The method of claim 1 , further comprising reducing a renal pressure by decreasing the mean or average intrathoracic pressure to adjust one or more hemodynamic parameters of the subject's heart.
14. The method of claim 1 , further comprising further stimulating the phrenic nerve until a sleep disordered breathing or an episode of sleep apnea is reduced in the patient.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electrode is positioned within a subclavian vessel.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein said stimulating step comprises positioning the electrode over a cardiac lead within the subclavian vessel.
17. A device for treating respiratory disorders, comprising:
at least one electrode configured to be positioned in proximity to a phrenic nerve within a patient's body such that the at least one electrode is in electrical communication with the phrenic nerve; and
a control unit in electrical communication with the at least one electrode,
wherein the control unit is programmed to generate and deliver an electrical stimulation signal through the at least one electrode during at least a portion of the subject's exhalation and/or the subject's rest cycle to maintain a contraction of the subject's diaphragm relative to a non-stimulated condition during the subject's exhalation and/or the subject's rest cycle over a sustained period of time to increase a functional residual capacity of the patient undergoing intrinsic respiration, and
wherein the control unit is further programmed to deliver the electrical stimulation signal until a mean or average intrathoracic pressure, as determined by the control unit, is decreased.
18. The device of claim 17 , wherein the control unit is further programmed to stimulate the phrenic nerve during the exhalation and/or rest cycle until at least one breath is augmented to further increase the functional residual capacity of the subject.
19. The device of claim 17 , further comprising a cardiac lead upon which the at least one electrode is positionable.
20. The device of claim 17 , wherein the control unit comprises a sensor configured to sense a cardiac related parameter of the patient.
21. The device of claim 17 , wherein the control unit is programmed to deliver the electrical stimulation signal to cause a diaphragm contraction such that an initial pressure within a thoracic chamber is reduced.
22. The device of claim 17 , wherein the control unit is programmed to deliver the electrical stimulation signal to adjust a hemodynamic parameter of the subject's heart.
23. The device of claim 17 , wherein the control unit is programmed to adjust the electrical stimulation signal in response to the physiologic parameter to improve a cardiac output.
24. The device of claim 17 , wherein the control unit is programmed to deliver the electrical stimulation signal to decrease a right atrial pressure and improve kidney filtration.
25. The device of claim 17 , wherein the control unit is programmed to deliver the electrical stimulation signal to reduce a cardiac filling pressure to reduce the renal pressure.
26. The device of claim 17 , wherein the control unit is programmed to deliver the electrical stimulation signal to modulate or manipulate the intrathoracic pressure to activate renal sympathetic activity.
27. The device of claim 17 , wherein the control unit is programmed to deliver the electrical stimulation signal to modulate or manipulate the intrathoracic pressure to activate renal sympathetic activity such that a kidney glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is increased.
28. The device of claim 17 , wherein the control unit is programmed to deliver the electrical stimulation signal to reduce a sympathetic efferent outflow to a heart of the patient such that norepinephrine spillover is reduced.
29. The device of claim 17 , wherein the control unit is further programmed to deliver the electrical stimulation signal until a sleep disordered breathing or an episode of sleep apnea is reduced in the patient body.
30. The device of claim 17 , wherein the at least one electrode configured to be positioned intravascularly within a subclavian vessel.