Systems and methods of ammonia synthesis

1. A system for synthesizing ammonia, comprising:

a reactor including:

an inlet portion,

an outlet portion, and

an energy source including at least one synthesis cell having an anode, a cathode, and a proton exchange membrane between the anode and the cathode,

wherein the energy source delivers energy to one or more reactants receivable through the inlet portion of the reactor, and is activatable to reduce nitrogen to ammonia in the presence of hydrogen;

a nitrogen source that provides nitrogen to the reactor through fluid communication with the inlet portion of the reactor;

a hydrogen pump in fluid communication with the outlet portion of the reactor, the hydrogen pump including at least one electrochemical cell; and

a recirculation circuit in fluid communication between the hydrogen pump and the inlet portion of the reactor, the recirculation circuit directing a hydrogen stream from the hydrogen pump to the inlet portion of the reactor.

2. The system of claim 1 , further comprising an absorber,

wherein the hydrogen pump comprises a first hydrogen pump in fluid communication with the at least one synthesis cells via the outlet portion of the reactor, and the absorber is arranged to remove ammonia from a product stream flowing in a conduit from the outlet portion of the reactor toward the first hydrogen pump.

3. The system of claim 2 , wherein the first hydrogen pump is configured to form the respective hydrogen stream and a nitrogen stream separate from the hydrogen stream, and the recirculation circuit is arranged to direct the nitrogen stream to the cathode of each of the one or more synthesis cells via the inlet portion of the reactor.

4. The system of claim 2 , wherein the hydrogen pump further comprises a second hydrogen pump in fluid communication with the anode of the at least one synthesis cells, and the recirculation circuit is arranged to direct the respective hydrogen stream from the second hydrogen pump to the anode of each of the one or more synthesis cells via the inlet portion of the reactor.

5. The system of claim 1 , wherein the hydrogen pump comprises a plurality of electrochemical cells arranged in a cascading electrochemical stack.

6. The system of claim 1 , wherein the nitrogen source comprises one or more of a pressure swing adsorber, a temperature swing adsorber, or a refrigeration unit.

7. The system of claim 1 , wherein the nitrogen source is configured to separate nitrogen from air provided to the nitrogen source.

8. The system of claim 1 , wherein the nitrogen source comprises an oxygen pump activatable to separate oxygen from nitrogen.

9. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a hydrogen source in fluid communication with the inlet portion of the reactor.

10. The system of claim 9 , wherein the hydrogen source comprises a proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer, and the hydrogen pump uses less power than the PEM electrolyzer to deliver hydrogen to the inlet portion of the reactor.

11. The system of claim 9 , wherein the hydrogen source comprises one or more of a hydrogen storage vessel, a reformer, a borax plant, or a catalytic hydrogen production plant.

12. A system for formation of ammonia, comprising:

a plurality of reactors comprising one or more synthesis cells activatable to reduce nitrogen to ammonia in the presence of hydrogen, each synthesis cell comprising an anode, a cathode, and a proton exchange membrane or electrolyte located between the anode and the cathode;

an absorber in fluid communication between a first reactor and a second reactor of the plurality of reactors, the absorber arranged to remove ammonia flowing along a product stream from the first reactor toward the second reactor;

a hydrogen pump in fluid communication with the first reactor and the second reactor, the hydrogen pump including at least one electrochemical cell; and

a recirculation circuit in fluid communication with the hydrogen pump and the first reactor to recirculate a hydrogen stream from the hydrogen pump to the first reactor.

13. A method of ammonia synthesis, the method comprising:

delivering nitrogen from a nitrogen source to an inlet portion of a reactor including one or more synthesis cells, each synthesis cell comprising an anode, a cathode, and a proton exchange membrane or electrolyte located between the anode and the cathode;

delivering hydrogen from a hydrogen source to the inlet portion of the reactor;

reacting nitrogen and hydrogen in the reactor to form products comprising ammonia, nitrogen, and hydrogen at an outlet portion of the reactor;

concentrating hydrogen from the outlet portion of the reactor into a stream of pressurized hydrogen, wherein concentrating hydrogen into the stream of pressurized hydrogen comprises electrochemical pumping of hydrogen; and

recirculating at least a portion of the stream of pressurized hydrogen to the inlet portion of the reactor.

14. The method of claim 13 , wherein delivering nitrogen from the nitrogen source comprises removing oxygen from air to form nitrogen, or separating nitrogen from air.

15. The method of claim 14 , wherein removing oxygen from air comprises cascading oxygen removal, which comprises diverting oxygen-depleted air from an intermediate stage to fill a cabinet housing at least one of the hydrogen source or the reactor with the oxygen depleted air.

16. The method of claim 13 , wherein:

the electrochemical pumping of hydrogen uses less power than the delivering hydrogen from the hydrogen source to the reactor;

the delivering hydrogen from the hydrogen source to the reactor comprises forming hydrogen from water and electricity in a proton exchange membrane electrolyzer; and

the reacting nitrogen and hydrogen has a single-pass yield of greater than zero and less than about 15 percent.

17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the reacting nitrogen and hydrogen further comprises reacting nitrogen and hydrogen in a Haber-Bosch reactor operating at less than about 400° C. and less than about 200 atm.

18. The method of claim 13 , further comprising:

removing ammonia flowing along a product stream from the outlet portion of the reactor, wherein the concentrating hydrogen from the outlet portion of the reactor comprises introducing a mixture of hydrogen and nitrogen as inputs for electrochemical pumping and producing a stream of nitrogen and the stream of pressurized hydrogen as outputs; and

recirculating the stream of nitrogen to the inlet portion of the reactor.