Anodes for lithium-based energy storage devices
An anode for a lithium-based energy storage device such as a lithium-ion battery is disclosed. The anode includes an electrically conductive current collector comprising an electrically conductive layer and a transition metal oxide layer overlaying the electrically conductive layer. The anode may include a continuous porous lithium storage layer provided over the transition metal oxide layer. The continuous porous lithium storage layer may include at least 40 atomic % silicon. A method of making the anode may include providing an electrically conductive current collector having an electrically conductive layer and a transition metal oxide layer provided over the electrically conductive layer. The transition metal oxide layer may have an average thickness of at least 0.05 μm. A continuous porous lithium storage layer is deposited over the transition metal oxide layer by PECVD.
1. An anode for an energy storage device comprising:
an electrically conductive current collector comprising an electrically conductive layer and a transition metal oxide layer overlaying the electrically conductive layer; and
a continuous porous lithium storage layer overlaying the transition metal oxide layer, wherein the continuous porous lithium storage layer comprises at least 40 atomic % amorphous silicon.
2. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the electrically conductive layer is in the form of a metal mesh.
3. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the electrically conductive layer comprises two or more sublayers differing in chemical composition.
4. The anode of claim 3 , wherein one electrically conductive sublayer comprises copper and another electrically conductive sublayer comprises nickel.
5. The anode of claim 4 , wherein the nickel sublayer is interposed between the copper sublayer and the transition metal oxide layer.
6. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the transition metal oxide layer comprises two or more metal oxide sublayers differing in chemical composition.
7. The anode of claim 6 , wherein one metal oxide sublayer comprises titanium dioxide.
8. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the electrically conductive layer comprises stainless steel.
9. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the electrically conductive layer comprises nickel.
10. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the electrically conductive layer comprises copper.
11. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the transition metal oxide layer comprises an oxide of titanium.
12. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the transition metal oxide layer comprises an oxide of nickel.
13. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the transition metal oxide layer has an average thickness of at least 0.05 μm.
14. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the amorphous silicon has an area density of at least 0.3 mg/cm 2 .
15. The anode of claim 1 , further comprising a supplemental layer provided over the continuous porous lithium storage layer, wherein the supplemental layer comprises an oxide, nitride, or oxynitride of aluminum, titanium, or vanadium.
16. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the continuous porous lithium storage layer has an average density of less than 2.3 g/cm 3 .
17. A battery comprising the anode of claim 1 .
18. The battery of claim 17 , wherein after a formation step, the anode has a charge storage capacity of at least 0.5 mAh/cm 2 .
19. The battery of claim 18 , wherein the anode is a capable of charging at 3C and discharging at C/3 for 200 cycles without failing.