Bacteria engineered to treat a disease or disorder
Genetically programmed microorganisms, such as bacteria, pharmaceutical compositions thereof, and methods of modulating and treating a disease and/or disorder are disclosed.
1. A method of producing a pharmaceutically acceptable composition comprising a genetically-engineered non-pathogenic bacterium for use in metabolizing phenylalanine, the bacterium comprising
at least one heterologous gene encoding a phenylalanine transporter for importing phenylalanine into the bacterium operably linked to a directly or indirectly inducible promoter that is not associated with the phenylalanine transporter in nature, and
at least one heterologous gene encoding a polypeptide involved in metabolizing phenylalanine operably linked to a directly or indirectly inducible promoter that is not associated with the at least one heterologous gene encoding the polypeptide in nature,
the method comprising the steps of:
a) growing the bacterium in a growth medium culture under conditions that do not induce the promoter that controls expression of the transporter for importing phenylalanine;
b) isolating the resulting bacteria from the growth medium; and
c) suspending the isolated bacteria in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the promoter operably linked to the at least one heterologous gene encoding the phenylalanine transporter and the promoter operably linked to the at least one heterologous gene encoding the polypeptide are separate copies of the same promoter.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the promoter operably linked to the at least one heterologous gene encoding the phenylalanine transporter and the promoter operably linked to the at least one gene encoding the polypeptide are the same copy of the same promoter.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the promoter operably linked to the at least one heterologous gene encoding the phenylalanine transporter and the promoter operably linked to the at least one heterologous gene encoding the polypeptide are directly or indirectly induced by exogenous environmental conditions.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the exogenous environmental conditions are exogenous environmental conditions found in the gut of a mammal.
6. The method of claim 4 , wherein the exogenous environmental conditions are exogenous environmental conditions found in the microenvironment of a tumor.
7. The method of claim 4 , wherein the exogenous environmental conditions are low-oxygen or anaerobic conditions.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the promoter operably linked to the at least one heterologous gene encoding the phenylalanine transporter and the promoter operably linked to the at least one heterologous gene encoding the polypeptide are selected from the group consisting of an FNR-responsive promoter, an ANR-responsive promoter, and a DNR-responsive promoter.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one heterologous gene encoding the phenylalanine transporter is located on a chromosome in the bacterium.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one heterologous gene encoding the phenylalanine transporter is located on a plasmid in the bacterium.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one heterologous gene encoding the polypeptide is located on a plasmid in the bacterium.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one heterologous gene encoding the polypeptide is located on a chromosome in the bacterium.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the bacterium is a probiotic bacterium.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the bacterium is selected from the group consisting of Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Clostridium, Escherichia, Lactobacillus , and Lactococcus.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the bacterium is Escherichia coli strain Nissle.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the bacterium is an auxotroph in a gene that is complemented when the bacterium is present in a human gut.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the bacterium is an auxotroph in diaminopimelic acid or an enzyme in the thymidine biosynthetic pathway.