IP Library Granted Patent US 12,544,402
Granted Patent B2
US 12,544,402 · App. 17/187,509 · Granted Feb 10, 2026

Targeted expression of microbial cholesterol catalysis genes reduces excess lipid

Inventors: Mourad Topors (Scarborough, CA); Reason (Syracuse, NY); Guilherme Cherman Perdigão de Oliveira (Rio de Janeiro, BR); Marc Ridilla (Camillus, NY); Jayanta Mukherjee (Braintree, MA); David Mackenzie-Liu (Syracuse, NY); Garrett Strough (Lorraine, NY); David Thomas (Charlottesville, VA)
Assignee: Repair Biotechnologies, Inc.
A61K35/12C12N9/0006C12N15/52C12N15/86C12Y101/01145C12Y114/15006C12Y118/01006C12Y503/03001C12N2750/14143C12Y101/03006
View Patent ↗
Loading inventors, assignments & file history…
Monitor This Case
Get email alerts when status or documents change.
Order Certified Copies
Most orders are placed with the USPTO same day — all within 24 business hours.
Order via The Patent Place →
Pre-filled with this patent's details
Quick Facts
Patent No.
US 12,544,402
App. No.
17/187,509
Granted
Feb 10, 2026
Kind
B2
Abstract

Disclosed herein are compositions, constructs, cassettes, vectors, cells, nucleic acids, peptides, proteins, protocols and methods for reducing cholesterol and lipid buildup in mammalian subjects, via gene and/or cell therapeutic treatments. In many embodiments, the disclosed compositions, cells, constructs, cassettes, vectors, nucleic acids, peptides, proteins, protocols and methods may help to reduce lipid levels in mammals. In one embodiment, the disclosed compositions, cells, constructs, cassettes, vectors, nucleic acids, peptides, proteins, protocols and methods are useful in reducing lipid build-up, especially cholesterol, in liver cells.

Claims (24)

1 . A method of reducing lipid concentration in at least one liver cell of a subject in need of treatment for a cholesterol related disease or condition, the method comprising the steps of:

contacting a vector comprising a construct with the liver cell of the subject, wherein the construct comprises a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 13;

allowing the construct to enter the liver cell of the subject and create a modified liver cell;

allowing the modified liver cell to degrade lipid within the modified cell and reduce the size of at least one atheroma in the subject, wherein the lipid is cholesterol and the atheroma is located at or near the aorta of the subject.

2 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the construct comprises SEQ ID NO: 1.

3 . The method of claim 2 , wherein the construct is a nucleic acid comprising a eukaryotic promoter sequence of CMV promoter sequence.

4 . The method of claim 2 , wherein the modified liver cell is a hepatocyte.

5 . The method of claim 4 , wherein the cholesterol related disease or condition is selected from one or more of atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease (CVD), myocardial infarction, stroke, peripheral vascular disease, diabetes, hypothyroidism, kidney disease, liver disease, fatty liver, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), obesity, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis of the liver, hepatitis, and liver fibrosis.

6 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the liver cell of the subject is derived from a stem cell.

7 . The method of claim 6 , wherein the stem cell is an induced pluripotent stem cell.

8 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the liver cell of the subject is a differentiated mammalian liver cell.

9 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the modified liver cell is administered to the subject.

10 . The method of claim 5 , wherein the subject suffers from fatty liver or NAFLD.

11 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the modified liver cell is a hepatocyte within the liver of the subject.

12 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the vector is a viral vector.

13 . The method of claim 12 , wherein the vector contacts the liver cell of the subject within the subject.

14 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the vector is a lipid nanoparticle.

15 . The method of claim 14 , wherein the vector contacts the liver cell of the subject within the subject.

16 . A method of reducing lipid concentration in at least one target cell of a subject in need of treatment for atherosclerosis, the method comprising the steps of:

contacting a vector comprising a construct with a liver cell of the subject, wherein the construct comprises a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1;

allowing the construct to enter the liver cell of the subject and create a modified liver cell;

allowing the modified liver cell to degrade lipid in the modified liver cell, wherein the lipid is cholesterol;

reducing the lipid concentration in the at least one target cell, wherein the target cell is located in an atheroma of the subject and the modified liver cell is in the liver of the subject, and the subject suffers from type II, type III, type IV, and/or type V lesions or atheromas; and

reducing a size of at least one lesion or atheroma, wherein the atheroma is located at or near the aorta of the subject.

Assignments (2)
CORRECTIVE ASSIGNMENT TO CORRECT THE ASSIGNEE NAME PREVIOUSLY RECORDED AT REEL: 057457 FRAME: 0190. ASSIGNOR(S) HEREBY CONFIRMS THE ASSIGNMENT . Recorded Sep 22, 2021
From: TOPORS, MOURAD; REASON, .; PERDIGÃO DE OLIVEIRA, GUILHERME CHERMAN; RIDILLA, MARC; MUKHERJEE, JAYANTA; MACKENZIE-LIU, DAVID; STROUGH, GARRETT; THOMAS, DAVID
To: REPAIR BIOTECHNOLOGIES, INC.
Reel/Frame 057569/0017 →
ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNOR'S INTEREST Recorded Sep 13, 2021
From: TOPORS, MOURAD; ., REASON; PERDIGÃO DE OLIVEIRA, GUILHERME CHERMAN; RIDILLA, MARC; MUKHERJEE, JAYANTA; MACKENZIE-LIU, DAVID; STROUGH, GARRETT; THOMAS, DAVID
To: REPAIR BEIOTECHNOLOGIES, INC.
Reel/Frame 057457/0190 →
Continuity (3)
Provisional Application 63094075 · Oct 20, 2020
Provisional Application 62983102 · Feb 28, 2020
Related Publication 20210268019A1 · Sep 2, 2021
References Cited (122)
US 5484727A · Chang et al. · 1996 [cited by applicant]
US 5547868A · Miller et al. · 1996 [cited by applicant]
US 5939318A · Miller et al. · 1999 [cited by applicant]
US 6903183B1 · Stocco et al. · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 8741812B2 · Javitt · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 11612619B2 · Honkanen et al. · 2023 [cited by applicant]
US 20040121992A1 · Javitt · 2004 [cited by applicant]
US 20060110730A1 · Bose et al. · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 20060172423A1 · Van et al. · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 20060252705A1 · Shaw et al. · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 20120039929A1 · Ginns et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 20150258081A1 · Lukas et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20160152955A1 · Sakamoto et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20160264615A1 · Ren et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20190160088A1 · Anto et al. · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 20200179452A1 · Honkanen · 2020 [cited by examiner]
US 20230263829A1 · Honkanen et al. · 2023 [cited by applicant]
US 20240050592A1 · Topors et al. · 2024 [cited by applicant]
US 20240075108A1 · Topors et al. · 2024 [cited by applicant]
CN 102168098B · 2013 [cited by applicant]
JP 5643643B2 · 2014 [cited by applicant]
WO 03104811A2 · 2003 [cited by applicant]
WO 2010103837A1 · 2010 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2018020323A2 · 2018 [cited by examiner]
WO 2023212622A1 · 2023 [cited by applicant]
Van der Geize et al., Targeted disruption of the kstD gene encoding a 3-ketosteroid Δ1-dehydrogenase isoenzyme of Rhodococcus erythropolis strain SQ1. Applied and environmental microbiology, 66(5), 2029-2036. (Year: 200… [cited by examiner]
Corkery-Hayward, M., & Metherell, L. A. . Adrenal dysfunction in mitochondrial diseases. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(2), 1126. (Year: 2023) pp. 1-19. [cited by examiner]
Liu, W., Qin, L., Yu, H., Lv, F. and Wang, Y., ApoA-I/ABCA1 expression reduces lipids. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 29: 614-622. (Year: 2014). [cited by examiner]
Liu, Wei, et al. “Apolipoprotein A-I and adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transporter A 1 expression alleviates lipid accumulation in hepatocytes.” Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology 29.3 (2014): 614-622.… [cited by examiner]
Grossman, Mariann, et al. “Successful ex vivo gene therapy directed to liver in a patient with familial hypercholesterolaemia.” Nature genetics 6.4 (1994): 335-341. (Year: 1994). [cited by examiner]
International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Aug. 12, 2021 in connection with International Patent Application No. PCT/US2021/020053, 18 pages. [cited by applicant]
Invitation to Pay Additional Search Fees dated Jun. 22, 2021 in connection with PCT/US2021/020053, 11 pages. [cited by applicant]
D'Arcy et al. “Development of a Synthetic 3-ketosteroid Delta(1)-dehydrogenase for the Generation of a Novel Catabolic Pathway Enabling Cholesterol Degradation in Human Cells,” Scientific Reports, vol. 9, Apr. 12, 2019,… [cited by applicant]
Toannou, George N. “The Role of Cholesterol in the Pathogenesis of NASH,” Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism, Oct. 2016, 1096, 12 pages. [cited by applicant]
Tirosh, Oren, “Hypoxic signaling and cholesterol lipotoxicity in fatty liver disease progression,” Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, vol. 2018, Article ID 2548154, May 31, 2018, 15 pages. [cited by applicant]
Office Action dated Feb. 12, 2024 in connection with Canadian patent application No. 3,163,100, 5 pages. [cited by applicant]
Anderson, R.G. (2003). Joe Goldstein and Mike Brown: from cholesterol homeostasis to new paradigms in membrane biology. Trends in Cell Biology, 13(10), 534-539. [cited by applicant]
Austin, M.A., Hutter, C.M., Zimmern, R.L., and Humphries, S.E. (2004). Genetic causes of monogenic heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: a HUGE prevalence review. American Journal of Epidemiology, 160(5), 407-420. [cited by applicant]
Brzostek, et al. ChoD and HsdD can be dispensable for cholesterol degradation in mycobacteria. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 134, 1-7. [cited by applicant]
Cooper, R.A. (1977). Abnormalities of cell-membrane fluidity in the pathogenesis of disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 297(7), 371-377. [cited by applicant]
Fellin, R., Arca, M., Zuliani, G., Calandra, S., and Bertolini, S. (2015). The history of Autosomal Recessive Hypercholesterolemia (ARH). From clinical observations to gene identification. Gene, 555(1), 23-32. [cited by applicant]
Franklin, B.A., Durstine, J.L., Roberts, C.K., and Barnard, R.J. (2014). Impact of diet and exercise on lipid management in the modern era. Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 28(3), 405-421. [cited by applicant]
Huang, M.C., and Miller, W.L. (2001). Creation and activity of COS-1 cells stably expressing the F2 fusion of the human cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme system. Endocrinology, 142(6), 2569-2576. [cited by applicant]
Kellner-Weibel, G., Geng, Y.J., and Rothblat, G.H. (1999). Cytotoxic cholesterol is generated by the hydrolysis of cytoplasmic cholesteryl ester and transported to the plasma membrane. Atherosclerosis, 146(2), 309-319. [cited by applicant]
Liu, H.H., and Li, J.J. (2015). Aging and dyslipidemia: a review of potential mechanisms. Ageing Research Reviews, 19, 43-52. [cited by applicant]
Newman, J.W., Morisseau, C., and Hammock, B.D. (2005). Epoxide hydrolases: their roles and interactions with lipid metabolism. Progress in Lipid Research, 44(1), 1-51. [cited by applicant]
Russell, D.G. (2001). Mycobacterium tuberculosis: here today, and here tomorrow. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 2(8), 569-577. [cited by applicant]
Russell, D.W. (1992). Cholesterol biosynthesis and metabolism. Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy, 6(2), 103-110. [cited by applicant]
Russell, D.W. (2003). The enzymes, regulation, and genetics of bile acid synthesis. Annual Review of Biochemistry, 72, 137-174. [cited by applicant]
Schiffer, L., Anderko, S., Hannemann, F., Eiden-Plach, A., and Bernhardt, R. (2015). The CYP11B subfamily. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 151, 38-51. [cited by applicant]
Song, Jiayi et al. “Association of Plasma 7-Ketocholesterol With Cardiovascular Outcomes and Total Mortality in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease,” Circulation Research, 2017, 10 pages. [cited by applicant]
Stewart, G.R., Robertson, B.D., and Young, D.B. (2003). Tuberculosis: a problem with persistence. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 1(2), 97-105. [cited by applicant]
Weverling-Rijnsburger, et al. (2003). High-density vs low-density lipoprotein cholesterol as the risk factor for coronary artery disease and stroke in old age. Archives of Internal Medicine, 163(13), 1549-1554. [cited by applicant]
Baggetto, Loris G. “Role of Mitochondria in Carcinogenesis,” Eur J Cancer, vol. 29A, No. 1, pp. 156-159, 1993. [cited by applicant]
Singh et al. “Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: a multifactorial process.” Experimental and Clinical Cardiology, 2002, 7(1), 40-53. [cited by applicant]
Galluzzi L. et al. “Mitochondria as therapeutic targets for cancer chemotherapy,” Oncogene, 2006, 25, 4812-4830. [cited by applicant]
Chiang et al. “Cholest-4-en-3-one -. 1-dehydrogenase, a flavoprotein catalyzing the second step in anoxic cholesterol metabolism.” Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Jan. 2008, 74(1), 107-113. [cited by applicant]
Takimoto, Chris H. et al. “Safety and anti-tumor activity of sorafenib (Nexavar) in combination with other anti-cancer agents: a review of clinical trials,” Cancer Chemother Pharmacol, 2008, 61, 535-548. [cited by applicant]
Kim, Won et al. “Synergistic anti-tumor efficacy of lovastatin and protein kinase C-beta inhibitor in hepatocellular carcinoma,” Cancer Chemother Pharmacol, 2009, 64, 497-507. [cited by applicant]
Gao J. et al. “Combined Inhibitory Effects of Celecoxib and Fluvastatin on the Growth of Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Xenografts in Nude Mice,” The Journal of International Medical Research, 2010, 38, 1413-1427. [cited by applicant]
Zhang, Shali et al. “Fluvastatin Enhances Sorafenib Cytotoxicity in Melanoma Cells via Modulation of AKT and JNK Signaling Pathways,” Anticancer Research, 31, 3259-3266, 2011. [cited by applicant]
Go et al. “Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics -- 2014 Update; A Report from the American Heart Association,” AHA Statistical Update, 2014, Circulation, 129 (3) e28-e292. [cited by applicant]
Lee, Sun Jae et al. “Synergistic effect of simvastatin plus NS398 on inhibition of proliferation and survival in hepatocellular carcinoma cell line,” Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 29, 1299-1307, 2014. [cited by applicant]
Lui et al. “Usefulness of lipid apheresis in the treatment of familial hypercholesterolemia.” Journal of Lipids, 2014, 864317. [cited by applicant]
Yeh et al. “Deletion of the gene encoding the reductase component of 3-ketosteroid 9a- hydroxylase in Rhodococcus equi USA-18 disrupts sterol catabolismleading to the accumulation of 3-oxo .... ” Microbial Cell Factorie… [cited by applicant]
Huang, Xin et al. “Simvastatin induces growth inhibition and apoptosis in HepG2 and Huh7 hepatocellular carcinoma cells via upregulation of Notch1 expression,” Molecular Medicine Reports, 11, 2334-2340, 2015. [cited by applicant]
Hatooka, Masahiro et al. “Comparison of Outcome of Hepatic Arterial Infusion Chemotherapy and Sorafenib in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma Refractory to Transcatheter Arterial Chemoembolization,” Anticancer Resea… [cited by applicant]
Feng, Jiao et al. “Simvastatin re-sensitizes hepatocellular carcinoma cells to sorafenib by inhibiting HIF-1a/PPAR-y/PKM2-mediated glycolysis,” Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research, 39:24, 2020. [cited by applicant]
Shao et al. “Liver X Receptor Agonism Sensitizes a Subset of Hepatocellular Carcinoma to Sorafenib by Dual-Inhibiting MET and EGFR,” Neopolasia, vol. 22, No. 1, Jan. 1, 2020, pp. 1-9. [cited by applicant]
Sinensky. “Defective regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis and plasma membrane fluidity in a Chinese hamster ovary cell mutant.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Jan. 5, … [cited by applicant]
Febbraio, Mark A. et al. “Preclinical Models for Studying NASH-Driven HCC: How Useful Are They?” Cell Metabolism 29, Jan. 8, 2019. [cited by applicant]
Feo, F et al. “Effect of Cholesterol Content on Some Physical and Functional Properties of Mitochondria Isolated from Adult Rat Liver, Fetal Liver, Cholesterol-Enriched Liver and Hepatomas AH-130, 3924A and 5123,” Bioch… [cited by applicant]
Caballero, Francisco, et al. “Enhanced free cholesterol, SREBP-2 and StAR expression in human NASH,” Journal of Hepatology 50, Jan. 14, 2009, 789-796. [cited by applicant]
Lee, Jae-Seon et al. “Loss of SLC25A11 causes suppression of NSCLC and melanoma tumor formation,” EBioMedicine 40, Jan. 25, 2019, 184-197. [cited by applicant]
Sayin, Volkan I. et al. “Antioxidants Accelerate Lung Cancer Progression in Mice,” Science Translational Medicine, vol. 6, Issue 221, Jan. 29, 2014. [cited by applicant]
Van der Geize et al. “A gene cluster encoding cholesterol catabolismin a soil actinomycete provides insight into Mycobacterium tuberculosis survival in macrophages.” PNAS, Feb. 6, 2007, 104(6), 1947-1952. [cited by applicant]
Montero, Joan et al. “Cholesterol and peroxidized cardiolipin in mitochondrial membrane properties permeabilization and cell death,” Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1797, Feb. 11, 2010, 1217-1224. [cited by applicant]
Robinson. “Management of familial hypercholesterolemia: a review of the recommendations from the National Lipid Association Expert Panel on Familial Hypercholesterolemia.” Journal of Managed Care and Specialty Pharmacy,… [cited by applicant]
Wilkinson et al. “Harnessing RNA Interference for Cholesterol Lowering: The Bench to Bedside Story of Inclisiran.” Journal of the America Heart Association, Mar. 8, 2024, 15 pages. [cited by applicant]
Pandey et al. “Mycobacterial persistence requires the utilization of host cholesterol.” PNAS, Mar. 18, 2008, vol. 105, No. 11, pp. 4376-4380. [cited by applicant]
Lin et al. “Role of Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein in Adrenal and Gonadal Steroidogenesis,” Science, vol. 267, Mar. 24, 1995. [cited by applicant]
Russell “Fifty years of advances in bile acid synthesis and metabolism.” Journal of Lipid Research, Apr. 2009, 50(Suppl), S120-S125. [cited by applicant]
Bosch, Marta et al. “Caveolin-1 Deficiency Causes Cholesterol-Dependent Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Apoptotic Susceptibility,” Current Biology 21, 681-686, Apr. 26, 2011. [cited by applicant]
Solsona-Vilarrasa, Estel et al. “Cholesterol enrichment in liver mitochondria impairs oxidative phosphorylation and disrupts the assembly of respiratory supercomplexes,” Redox Biology 24, May 9, 2019. [cited by applicant]
Ferrari et al. “A coat protein on phagosomes involved in the intracellular survival of mycobacteria.” Cell Press, May 14, 1999, 97(4), 435-447. [cited by applicant]
Petrusma et al. “3-Ketosteroid 9a-hydroxylase enzymes: Rieske non-heme monooxygenases essential for bacterial steroid degradation.” Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Journal of Microbiology, May 21, 2014, 106(1), 157-172. [cited by applicant]
Sugawara et al. “Human steroidogenic acute regulatory protein: functional activity in COS-1 cells, tissue-specific expression, and mapping of the structural gene to 8p11.2 and a pseudogene to chromosome 13,” PNAS, vol. … [cited by applicant]
Coll, Olga et al. “Sensitivity of the 2-Oxoglutarate Carrier to Alcohol Intake Contributes to Mitochondrial Glutathione Depletion,” Hepatology, vol. 38, No. 3, May 27, 2003. [cited by applicant]
Chen, Jiang, et al. “Potential molecular, cellular and microenvironmental mechanism of sorafenib resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma,” Cancer Letters, Jun. 25, 2015. [cited by applicant]
Kim et al. “Correlation between serum lipid parameters and Interleukin-10 concentration in obese individuals.” Journal of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome. Jun. 30, 2021. 5 pages. [cited by applicant]
Crain, Richard C. et al. “Role of Lipid Transfer Proteins in the Abnormal Lipid Content of Morris Hepatoma Mitochondria and Microsomes,” Cancer Research 43, 3197-3202, Jul. 1983. [cited by applicant]
Montero, Joan et al. “Mitochondrial Cholesterol Contributes to Chemotherapy Resistance in Hepatocellular Carcinoma,” Cancer Research, 68, 13, Jul. 1, 2008. [cited by applicant]
Ribas, Vicent et al. “Glutathione and mitochondria,” Frontiers in Pharmacology, vol. 5, Article 151, Jul. 1, 2014. [cited by applicant]
Penfield et al. “Substrate specificities and conformational flexibility of 3-ketosteroid 9a- hydroxylases.” Journal of Biological Chemistry, Jul. 21, 2014, 289(37), 25523-25536. [cited by applicant]
Martens et al. “Hypercholesterolemia impairs immunity to tuberculosis.” Infection and Immunity, Aug. 2008, 76(8), 3464-3472. [cited by applicant]
Petrusma et al. “Rhodococcus rhodochrous DSM 43269 3-ketosteroid 9alpha-hydroxylase, a two-component iron-sulfur-containing monooxygenase with subtle steroid substrate specificity.” Applied and Environmental Microbiolog… [cited by applicant]
Petrusma et al. “Multiplicity of 3-ketosteroid-9a-hydroxylase enzymes in Rhodococcus rhodochrous DSM43269 for specific degradation of different classes of steroids.” Journal of Bacteriology, Aug. 2011,193(15). [cited by applicant]
Zhou et al. “Inactivation of Hypoxia-Induced YAP by Statins Overcomes Hypoxic Resistance Tosorafenib in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells,” Scientific Reports, vol. 6, No. 1, Aug. 1, 2016. [cited by applicant]
Nordestgaard et al. “Familial hypercholesterolaemia is underdiagnosed and undertreated in the general population: guidance for clinicans to prevent coronary heart disease.” EP Heart Journal, Aug. 15, 2013, 34, 3478-3490. [cited by applicant]
Baulies, Anna et al. “The 2-Oxoglutarate Carrier Promotes Liver Cancer by Sustaining Mitochondrial GSH Despite Cholesterol Loading,” Redox Biology, Aug. 24, 2017. [cited by applicant]
Brown et al. “A proteolytic pathway that controls the cholesterol content of membranes, cells, and blood.” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. Vol. 96, p. 11041-11048, Sep. 1999. [cited by applicant]
Colell, Anna et al. “Cholesterol Impairs the Adenine Nucelotide Translocator-mediated Mitochondrial Permeability Transition through Altered Membrane Fluidity,” The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 278, No. 36, Sep.… [cited by applicant]
Klink et al. Cholesterol oxidase is indispensable in the pathogenesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PLOS ONE, Sep. 9, 2013, 8(9), e73333. [cited by applicant]
Smith, Bradley et al. “Anticancer Activity of the Cholesterol Exporter ABCA1 Gene,” Cell Reports 2, 580-590, Sep. 27, 2012. [cited by applicant]
Le Gal, Kristell, et al. “Antioxidants can increase melanoma metastasis in mice,” Science Translational Medicine, Oct. 7, 2015, vol. 7, Issue 308. [cited by applicant]
Capyk et al. “Activity of 3-ketosteroid 9a-hydroxylase (KshAB) indicates cholesterol side chain and ring degradation occur simultaneously in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.” Journal of Biological Chemistry, Oct. 10, 2011, 2… [cited by applicant]
Kim et al. “Emodin Sensitizes Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells to the Anti-Cancer Effect of Sorafenib through Suppression of Cholesterol Metabolism,” International Journal of Molecular Sciences, vol. 19, No. 10, Oct. 12, … [cited by applicant]
Ouellet et al. “Cholesterol catabolismas a therapeutic target in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.” Trends in Microbiology, Nov. 2011, 19(11), 530-539. [cited by applicant]
Kasiewicz et al. Lipid nanoparticles incorporating a GalNAc ligand enable in vivo liver ANGPTL3 editing in wild-type and somatic LDLR knockout non-human primates. Nov. 8, 2021, 7 pages. [cited by applicant]
Abdou-Alfa, Ghassan K. et al. “Doxorubicin Plus Sorafenib vs Doxorubicin Alone in Patients with Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma,” JAMA, Nov. 17, 2010, vol. 304, No. 19. [cited by applicant]
Enayetallah et al. |“Opposite regulation of cholesterol levels by the phosphatase and hydrolase domains of soluble epoxide hydrolase.” Journal of Biological Chemistry, Dec. 26, 2008, 283(52), 36592-36598. [cited by applicant]
Arif, Kamil, Enabling Cholesterol Catabolismin Human Cells; Partial Thesis, University of South Alabama, May 2012, 32 Pages. [cited by applicant]
Bednarska, Mediators of Inflammation; 2014: 498395, Jul. 8, 2014. [cited by applicant]
Chica et al. “Semi-rational approaches to engineering enzyme activity: combining the benefits of directed evolution and rational design,” Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 2005, 16, 378-384. [cited by applicant]
Chistiakov, Journal of Cellular Molecular Medicine; 20(1): 17-28, Aug. 19, 2015. [cited by applicant]
D'Arcy, Scientific Reports; 9:5969 www.nature.com/scientificreports, Apr. 12, 2019. [cited by applicant]
Giovanna, Protein Expression and Purification 79: 231-236, May 20, 2011. [cited by applicant]
Harikrishna, DNA and Cell Biology; vol. 12, No. 5: 371-379, 1993. [cited by applicant]
Singh et al. “Protein Engineering Approaches in the Post-Genomic Era,” Current Protein and Peptide Science, 2017, 18, 1-11. [cited by applicant]
Taylor, Cardiovascular Research; 86: 526-534, Jan. 18, 2010. [cited by applicant]
Zhang, Wu et al. “Fluvastatin, a lipophilic statin, induces apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells through mitochondria-operated pathway,” Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, vol. 48, Dec. 2010, pp. 1167-… [cited by applicant]
D'Arcy et al. “Development of a Synthetic 3-ketosteroid Delta(1)-dehydrogenase for the Generation of a Novel Catabolic Pathway Enabling Cholesterol Degradation in Human Cells,” Scientific Reports, vol. 9, Apr. 12, 2019,… [cited by applicant]