Devices and methods for treating cognitive dysfunction and depression using electrical stimulation

1. A method for treating cognitive dysfunction and/or depression using transcutaneous auricular neurostimulation therapy, the method comprising:

providing a wearable neurostimulation device, the wearable neurostimulation device comprising

a first portion configured for positioning along a portion of skin behind a back of the ear of the patient, wherein the first portion is configured to extend over the ear, the first portion comprising

at least one first electrode configured to electrically stimulate at least one branch of the auriculotemporal nerve via non-piercing contact with tissue in front of the ear and surrounding the ear, and

an electrical connector, and

a second portion in electrical communication with the first portion, the second portion being configured to engage a concha and/or tragus region of the ear of the patient, the second portion comprising at least one second electrode configured to electrically stimulate at least one auricular branch of the vagus nerve via non-piercing contact with tissue of the concha or tragus of the ear;

positioning the wearable neurostimulation device about an ear of a patient such that

i) the first portion is disposed against the back of the ear and over the ear with the at least one first electrode in non-piercing contact with the tissue in front of the ear and surrounding the ear, and

ii) the second portion is engaging the concha region and/or the tragus region of the ear of the patient with the at least one second electrode in non-piercing contact with the tissue of the concha or tragus of the ear;

connecting the wearable neurostimulation device, via the electrical connector of the first portion of the wearable neurostimulation device, to a pulse generator comprising circuitry configured to provide stimulation pulses; and

delivering, via the wearable neurostimulation device, the transcutaneous auricular neurostimulation therapy comprising the stimulation pulses, wherein delivering comprises

delivering a first series of the stimulation pulses to the at least one first electrode, the first series of the stimulation pulses being configured to increase monoamine neurotransmitter availability, and

delivering a second series of the stimulation pulses to the at least one second electrode, the second series of the stimulation pulses being configured to upregulate opioid receptor agonists.

2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising repeating the transcutaneous auricular neurostimulation therapy at least once daily over one or more days.

3. The method of claim 2 , wherein:

at least a portion of the wearable neurostimulation device is disposable; and

repeating the transcutaneous auricular neurostimulation therapy comprises, prior to delivering the transcutaneous auricular neurostimulation therapy on at least a portion of the repeated deliveries, replacing the portion of the wearable neurostimulation device with a new wearable neurostimulation device portion or new wearable neurostimulation device.

4. The method of claim 2 , wherein:

the wearable neurostimulation device is designed to be worn on one of a right ear or a left ear; and

repeating the transcutaneous auricular neurostimulation therapy comprises, prior to delivering on at least a portion of the repeated deliveries, replacing the wearable neurostimulation device with another wearable neurostimulation device designed to be worn on an opposite of the right ear or the left ear.

5. The method of claim 2 , further comprising

providing, to the patient each day for at least a first day of the one or more days, a tapering medication.

6. The method of claim 5 , wherein providing the tapering medication comprising reducing a dosage of the tapering medication over a time period until a target dosage is reached.

7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the target dosage is no tapering medication.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the patient is an infant, the method further comprising:

monitoring, by a health care provider, exhibition of any of a set of symptoms in the patient; and

after identifying, by the health care provider, one or more symptoms of the set of symptoms, manually adjusting at least one parameter of the transcutaneous auricular neurostimulation therapy.

9. The method of claim 1 , wherein positioning comprises adhesively applying the first portion of the wearable neurostimulation device around the back of the ear.

10. The method of claim 1 , wherein positioning comprises frictionally retaining the second portion of the wearable neurostimulation device in the concha region of the ear.

11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the transcutaneous auricular neurostimulation therapy is configured to treat at least one of depression, PTSD, addictive behavior, or phobia.

12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the transcutaneous auricular neurostimulation therapy is configured to treat the addictive behavior, wherein the addictive behavior comprises at least one of smoking, substance use disorder, opioid use disorder, or alcohol use disorder.

13. The method of claim 11 , wherein treating the addictive behavior comprises preventing relapse and/or reducing cravings.

14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first series of the stimulation pulses and/or the second series of the stimulation pulses is further configured to increase prefrontal cortex activity.

15. A method for treating cognitive dysfunction and/or depression using transcutaneous auricular neurostimulation therapy, the method comprising:

providing a wearable neurostimulation device about an ear of a patient, the wearable neurostimulation device comprising

a first portion configured for positioning along a portion of skin behind a back of the ear of the patient, wherein the first portion is configured to extend over the ear, the first portion comprising

at least one first electrode configured to electrically stimulate at least one branch of the auriculotemporal nerve via non-dermal-penetrating contact with tissue in front of the ear and surrounding the ear, and

an electrical connector, and

a second portion in electrical communication with the first portion, the second portion being configured to engage a concha region and/or tragus of the ear of the patient, the second portion comprising at least one second electrode configured to electrically stimulate at least one auricular branch of the vagus nerve via non-dermal-penetrating contact with tissue of the concha or tragus of the ear;

positioning the wearable stimulation device about the ear of the patient such that

i) the first portion is disposed against the back of the ear and extends over the ear, with the at least one first electrode in non-dermal-penetrating contact with the tissue in front of the ear and surrounding the ear, and

ii) the second portion is engaging the concha region and/or the tragus region of the ear of the patient with the at least one second electrode in non-dermal-penetrating contact with the tissue of the concha or tragus of the ear;

connecting the wearable neurostimulation device, via the electrical connector of the first portion of the wearable neurostimulation device, to a pulse generator comprising circuitry configured to provide stimulation pulses;

delivering, via the wearable neurostimulation device, the transcutaneous auricular neurostimulation therapy for a period of time, wherein delivering comprises

delivering a first series of the stimulation pulses to the at least one first electrode, and

delivering a second series of the stimulation pulses to the at least one second electrode,

wherein the first series of the stimulation pulses is delivered in coordination with and/or simultaneous to the second series of the stimulation pulses, and

wherein the transcutaneous auricular neurostimulation therapy is configured to upregulate opioid receptor agonists and increase availability of monoamine neurotransmitters.

16. The method of claim 15 , wherein delivering the transcutaneous auricular neurostimulation therapy comprises repeatedly delivering the transcutaneous auricular neurostimulation therapy at least daily for two or more days.

17. The method of claim 16 , further comprising retaining the wearable neurostimulation device in position for 12 to 48 hours.

18. The method of claim 15 , further comprising:

positioning a second wearable neurostimulation device about the other ear of the patient; and

connecting the second wearable neurostimulation device, via a connector of a first portion of the second wearable neurostimulation device, to a second pulse generator comprising circuitry configured to provide a second transcutaneous auricular neurostimulation therapy.

19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the second pulse generator and the pulse generator are configured as a single pulse generating device.

20. The method of claim 18 , further comprising delivering, via the second wearable neurostimulation device, the second transcutaneous auricular neurostimulation therapy, wherein the second transcutaneous auricular neurostimulation therapy is different than the transcutaneous auricular neurostimulation therapy.

21. The method of claim 15 , wherein the transcutaneous auricular neurostimulation therapy is configured to upregulate Brain-Derived Neurotrophic-Factor (BDNF) levels.

22. The method of claim 15 , wherein the transcutaneous auricular neurostimulation therapy is configured to upregulate Acetylcholine (ACh) levels.