Enzymatic production of hexoses
Disclosed herein are methods of producing hexoses from saccharides by improved enzymatic processes. The improved processes utilize enzymes with higher activities than those previously reported to convert starch or a starch derivative, cellulose or a cellulose derivative, or sucrose to a glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) intermediate.
1. An improved process for the enzymatic production of a hexose, wherein the improved process comprises:
a) converting glucose 1-phosphate (G1P) to glucose 6-phosphate (G6P), catalyzed by a higher activity phosphoglucomutase (PGM), wherein the higher activity PGM results in an improved process that, when the hexose is fructose, produces at least 800% more fructose relative to a process to produce fructose under equivalent process conditions in which the conversion of G1P to G6P is catalyzed by a PGM corresponding to Uniprot ID Q68BJ6 from Thermococcus kodakaraensis;
b) converting the G6P to fructose 6-phosphate (F6P), catalyzed by a phosphoglucoisomerase (PGI); and
c) enzymatically converting the F6P to the hexose, catalyzed by an epimerase, an isomerase, a phosphatase, or a combination thereof.
2. The improved process of claim 1 , further comprising:
one or more steps for converting a cellulose or a cellulose derivative to G1P catalyzed by a cellulase, a cellodextrin phosphorylase, or both.
3. The improved process of claim 1 , further comprising:
converting sucrose to G1P catalyzed by a sucrose phosphorylase (SP).
4. The improved process of claim 3 , wherein the SP comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 19-25.
5. The improved process of claim 1 , wherein the hexose is selected from the group consisting of allose, mannose, galactose, fructose, altrose, talose, sorbose, gulose idose, allulose, inositol, and tagatose.
6. The improved process of claim 5 , further comprising a step of reduction of the hexose to its sugar alcohol.
7. The improved process of claim 1 , further comprising:
converting a starch derivative to G1P, catalyzed by an alpha-glucan phosphorylase (αGP); and
transglycosylating a starch derivative, catalyzed by a 4-alpha-glucan transferase (4GT), wherein the starch derivative is selected from the group consisting of amylose, amylopectin, soluble starch, amylodextrin, maltotriose, maltose, and maltodextrin.
8. The improved process of claim 7 , wherein the αGP comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 10-13.
9. The improved process of claim 7 , wherein the 4GT comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 15-17.
10. The improved process of claim 1 , further comprising a step of dephosphorylating a hexose-phosphate using a hexose phosphate phosphatase.
11. The improved process of claim 10 , wherein the process steps are conducted in a single reaction vessel.
12. The improved process of claim 11 , wherein the process steps are conducted ATP-free, NAD (P) (H)-free, at a phosphate concentration from about 0.1 mM to about 150 mM, the phosphate is recycled, and/or the step of dephosphorylation of the hexose phosphate involves an energetically favorable chemical reaction.
13. The improved process of claim 1 , wherein the process steps are conducted under at least one of the following process conditions:
at a temperature ranging from about 37° C. to about 85° C.,
at a pH ranging from about 5.0 to about 8.0, or
for about 0.5 hours to about 48 hours, or as a continuous reaction.
14. The improved process of claim 1 , wherein the higher activity PGM comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOS: 2-8.
15. An improved process for the enzymatic production of a hexose, wherein the improved process comprises:
a) converting a starch derivative to glucose 1-phosphate (G1P), catalyzed by a higher activity alpha-glucan phosphorylase (αGP), wherein the higher activity αGP comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 10-13;
b) converting the G1P to glucose 6-phosphate (G6P), catalyzed by a phosphoglucomutase (PGM);
c) converting the G6P to fructose 6-phosphate (F6P), catalyzed by a phosphoglucoisomerase (PGI); and
d) enzymatically converting the F6P to the hexose, catalyzed by an epimerase, an isomerase, a phosphatase, or a combination thereof,
wherein the improved process produces at least 170% more G6P relative to a process to produce G6P under equivalent process conditions in which the conversion of a starch derivative to G1P is catalyzed by an αGP corresponding to Uniprot ID G4FEH8 from Thermotoga maritima.
16. An improved process for the enzymatic production of a hexose, wherein the improved process comprises:
a) converting a starch derivative to glucose 1-phosphate (G1P), catalyzed by an alpha-glucan phosphorylase (aGP);
b) transglycosylating a starch derivative, catalyzed by a higher activity 4-alpha-glucan transferase (4GT), wherein the higher activity 4GT results in an improved process that, when the starch derivative is amylodextrin, produces at least 220% more glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) relative to a process to produce G6P under equivalent process conditions in which the transglycosylation of amylodextrin is catalyzed by an 4GT corresponding to Uniprot ID 032462 from Thermococcus litoralis;
c) converting the G1P to G6P, catalyzed by a phosphoglucomutase (PGM);
d) converting the G6P to fructose 6-phosphate (F6P), catalyzed by a phosphoglucoisomerase (PGI); and
e) enzymatically converting the F6P to the hexose, catalyzed by an epimerase, an isomerase, a phosphatase, or a combination thereof.
17. The improved process of claim 16 , wherein the higher activity 4GT comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 15-17.
18. An improved process for the enzymatic production of a hexose, wherein the improved process comprises:
a) a step of converting sucrose to glucose 1-phosphate (G1P), catalyzed by a higher activity sucrose phosphorylase (SP), wherein the higher activity SP results in an improved process that, when the hexose is fructose, produces at least 110% more fructose relative to a process to produce fructose under equivalent process conditions in which the conversion of sucrose to G1P is catalyzed by a SP corresponding to Uniprot ID D9TT09 from Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum;
b) converting the G1P to glucose 6-phosphate (G6P), catalyzed by a phosphoglucomutase (PGM);
c) converting the G6P to fructose 6-phosphate (F6P), catalyzed by a phosphoglucoisomerase (PGI); and
d) enzymatically converting the F6P to the hexose, catalyzed by an epimerase, an isomerase, a phosphatase, or a combination thereof.
19. The improved process of claim 18 , wherein the higher activity SP comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 19-25.