Immobilized chalcogen comprising a chalcogen element, an electrically conductive material, and hydrophilic membrane gate and use thereof in a rechargeable battery

1. An immobilized chalcogen body or system, comprising:

a chemical element from the chalcogen group;

an electrically conductive material; and

a hydrophilic membrane gate, the hydrophilic membrane gate comprising a plurality of carbohydrates bound to each other by intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions, the carbohydrates comprising intermolecular hydrogen bonding —OR groups, wherein

between 1% and 69% of the —OR groups of the plurality of carbohydrates are hydrogen bond donating —OH groups, and

between 31 and 99% of the —OR groups of the plurality of carbohydrates are hydrogen bond accepting groups,

wherein the chemical element from the chalcogen group is in an elemental form, in a compound form, or in an ionic form.

2. The immobilized chalcogen body or system of claim 1 , wherein the chemical element from the chalcogen group is between 0.1 wt % and 95 wt % of the immobilized chalcogen body or system.

3. The immobilized chalcogen body or system of claim 1 , wherein the chemical element from the chalcogen group includes oxygen and is between 0.001 wt % to 20 wt % of the immobilized chalcogen body or system.

4. The immobilized chalcogen body or system of claim 1 , wherein the electrically conductive material includes a carbon material.

5. The immobilized chalcogen body or system of claim 4 , wherein the carbon material constitutes between 1 wt % and 80 wt % of the immobilized chalcogen body or system.

6. The immobilized chalcogen body or system of claim 5 , wherein the carbon material is porous.

7. The immobilized chalcogen body or system of claim 1 , wherein the hydrophilic membrane gate constitutes between 0.1 wt % and 40 wt % of the immobilized chalcogen body or system.

8. The immobilized chalcogen body or system of claim 7 , wherein the hydrophilic membrane gate includes a membrane configured to isolate first and second hydrophobic regions, wherein the first hydrophobic region contains a hydrophobic electrolyte system in a chalcogen-based rechargeable battery, and wherein the second hydrophobic region contains one or more polychalcogenide ions formed in a cathode during discharge or charge of the rechargeable battery.

9. The immobilized chalcogen body or system of claim 8 , wherein the hydrophilic membrane gate is configured to allow lithium ions and electrons to transport therethrough during an electrochemical process.

10. The immobilized chalcogen body or system of claim 8 , wherein the hydrophilic membrane gate is configured to permit intrinsic mass transport and intrinsic electron transport during electrochemical cycling processes of the rechargeable battery.

11. The immobilized chalcogen body or system of claim 8 , wherein the hydrophilic membrane gate has a hydrogen bond forming and breaking capability, and thereby provides a safe lock and/or a self-heal mechanism for a chalcogen-based electrode of the rechargeable battery.

12. The immobilized chalcogen body or system of claim 1 , wherein the carbohydrates comprise monosaccharides.

13. The immobilized chalcogen body or system of claim 1 , wherein the carbohydrates comprise disaccharides.

14. The immobilized chalcogen body or system of claim 1 , wherein the carbohydrates comprise polysaccharides.

15. The immobilized chalcogen body or system of claim 1 , wherein the hydrogen bond accepting —OR groups are —OY groups, where Y comprises sulfate, carbonate, phosphate, boronate, a C 1 -C 20 branched or unbranched alkyl group, a C 1 -C 20 branched or unbranched alkenyl group, a C 1 -C 20 branched or unbranched alkynyl group, a C 1 -C 20 branched or unbranched alkylcarboxylate group, a C 1 -C 20 branched or unbranched alkylcarboxylate group, a C 1 -C 20 branched or unbranched alkylsulfonate group, or a C 1 -C 20 branched or unbranched alkylphosphate group.

16. The immobilized chalcogen body or system of claim 15 , wherein Y comprises:

sulfate, carbonate, phosphate, boronate, a C 1 -C 20 branched or unbranched alkylcarboxylate group, a C 1 -C 20 branched or unbranched alkylcarboxylate group, a C 1 -C 20 branched or unbranched alkylsulfonate group, or a C 1 -C 20 branched or unbranched alkylphosphate group; and

an alkaline metal ion.

17. A chalcogen-based cathode, comprising:

an electrically conductive material;

a chalcogen material immobilized in the electrically conductive material; and

a hydrophilic membrane gate, the hydrophilic membrane gate comprising a plurality of carbohydrates bound to each other by intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions, the carbohydrates comprising intermolecular hydrogen bonding —OR groups, wherein

between 1% and 69% of the —OR groups of the plurality of carbohydrates are hydrogen bond donating —OH groups, and

between 31 and 99% of the —OR groups of the plurality of carbohydrates are hydrogen bond accepting groups.

18. The cathode of claim 17 , wherein the electrically conductive material includes a carbon material.

19. A chalcogen-based rechargeable battery comprising the cathode of claim 18 .

20. The battery of claim 19 , wherein the hydrogen bond accepting —OR groups are —OY groups, where Y comprises sulfate, carbonate, phosphate, boronate, a C 1 -C 20 branched or unbranched alkyl group, a C 1 -C 20 branched or unbranched alkenyl group, a C 1 -C 20 branched or unbranched alkynyl group, a C 1 -C 20 branched or unbranched alkylcarboxylate group, a C 1 -C 20 branched or unbranched alkylcarboxylate group, a C 1 -C 20 branched or unbranched alkylsulfonate group, or a C 1 -C 20 branched or unbranched alkylphosphate group.

21. The battery of claim 20 , wherein Y comprises:

sulfate, carbonate, phosphate, boronate, a C 1 -C 20 branched or unbranched alkylcarboxylate group, a C 1 -C 20 branched or unbranched alkylcarboxylate group, a C 1 -C 20 branched or unbranched alkylsulfonate group, or a C 1 -C 20 branched or unbranched alkylphosphate group; and

an alkaline metal ion.