C-RAF mutants that confer resistance to RAF inhibitors
Nucleic acids and proteins having a mutant C-RAF sequence, and methods of identifying patients having cancer who are likely to benefit from a combination therapy and methods of treatment are provided.
1. An expression vector comprising an isolated nucleic acid molecule operably linked to a heterologous nucleic acid sequence, wherein the isolated nucleic acid molecule encodes a mutant C-RAF polypeptide, wherein said mutant C-RAF polypeptide comprises one amino acid substitution as compared to a wild type C-RAF polypeptide comprising SEQ. ID. NO. 2, and wherein the one amino acid substitution is 356G>E, the one amino acid substitution conferring resistance to one or more RAF inhibitors on a cell expressing the mutant C-RAF polypeptide, wherein the RAF inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of PLX 4720, and PLX4032.
2. A host cell comprising the expression vector of claim 1 .
3. The expression vector according to claim 1 , wherein the RAF inhibitor is PLX4032.
4. A method of treating a subject having cancer, the method comprising: (a) extracting nucleic acid from a sample of cells of a cancer of the subject; (b) assaying at least a portion of a nucleic acid molecule encoding a C-RAF polypeptide from the sample for the presence of a 356G>E mutation and detecting the presence of the 356G>E mutation in the nucleic acid molecule; and (c) administering an effective amount of a RAF inhibitor and an effective amount of a MEK inhibitor to the subject having the 356G>E mutation in the nucleic acid molecule, wherein the RAF inhibitor is PLX4720 or PLX4032.
5. The method according to claim 4 , wherein the MEK inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of CI-1040/PD184352, AZD6244, PD318088, PD98059, PD334581, RDEA119, 6-Methoxy-7-(3-morpholin-4-yl-propoxy)-4-(4-phenoxy-phenylamino)-quinoline-3-carbonitrile and 4-[3-Chloro-4-(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-ylsulfanyl)-phenylamino]-6-methoxy-7-(3-morpholin-4-yl-propoxy)-quinoline-3-carbonitrile.
6. The method according to claim 4 , wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of melanoma, breast cancer, colorectal cancers, glioma, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, sarcoma and thyroid cancer.
7. The method according to claim 4 , wherein the cancer is a RAF dependent cancer.
8. The method according to claim 4 , wherein the cancer is melanoma.