Strong and tough structural wood materials, and methods for fabricating and use thereof
A super strong and tough densified wood structure is formed by subjecting a cellulose-based natural wood material to a chemical treatment that partially removes lignin therefrom. The treated wood retains lumina of the natural wood, with cellulose nanofibers of cell walls being aligned. The treated wood is then pressed in a direction crossing the direction in which the lumina extend, such that the lumina collapse and any residual fluid within the wood is removed. As a result, the cell walls become entangled and hydrogen bonds are formed between adjacent cellulose nanofibers, thereby improving the strength and toughness of the wood among other mechanical properties. By further modifying, manipulating, or machining the densified wood, it can be adapted to various applications.
1. A structure comprising:
a chemically-modified, densified piece of wood having a tensile strength of at least 350 MPa and a density of 1.20-1.30 g/cm 3 ,
wherein lumina, which were defined by a cellulose-based microstructure of the wood in its native state, are collapsed within the chemically-modified, densified piece of wood, and
wherein lignin, which was present in the wood in its native state, is at least partially removed from the cellulose-based microstructure of the chemically-modified, densified piece of wood.
2. The structure of claim 1 , wherein hydrogen bonds couple together facing portions of the collapsed lumina in the chemically-modified, densified piece of wood.
3. The structure of claim 1 , wherein cellulose nanofibers within the chemically-modified, densified piece of wood are aligned substantially parallel to a direction of extension of the collapsed lumina.
4. The structure of claim 1 , further comprising non-native hydrophobic nanoparticles incorporated within the collapsed lumina in the chemically-modified, densified piece of wood.
5. The structure of claim 1 , further comprising a paint or coating on one or more external surfaces of the chemically-modified, densified piece of wood.
6. The structure of claim 1 , wherein the chemically-modified, densified piece of wood retains at least 5% of the lignin present in the wood in its native state.
7. The structure of claim 1 , wherein a lignin content of the chemically-modified, densified piece of wood is 5-16 wt %, inclusive.
8. The structure of claim 1 , wherein:
the chemically-modified, densified piece of wood has been chemically treated so as to be hydrophobic or resistant to weather or salt water; or
the structure further comprises a hydrophobic paint or fire-resistant coating on one or more external surfaces of the chemically-modified, densified piece of wood.
9. A method comprising:
chemically-modifying a piece of wood by immersing in a delignification solution such that lumina, which were defined by a cellulose-based microstructure of the wood in its native state and extend in a first direction, are substantially preserved; and
pressing the piece of chemically-modified wood in a second direction crossing the first direction such that the preserved lumina collapse so as to form a chemically-modified, densified piece of wood having a tensile strength of at least 350 MPa and a density of 1.20-1.30 g/cm 3 ,
wherein the chemically-modifying is effective to remove at least some of lignin, which was present in the wood in its native state, from the cellulose-based microstructure of the piece of wood.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein, after the chemically-modifying, the piece of wood retains at least 5% of the lignin present in the wood in its native state.
11. The method of claim 9 , wherein, after the chemically-modifying, a lignin content of the piece of wood is 5-16 wt %, inclusive.
12. The method of claim 9 , wherein the delignification solution comprises an alkaline solution.
13. The method of claim 9 , wherein, after the pressing:
cellulose nanofibers within the chemically-modified, densified piece of wood are aligned substantially parallel to a direction of extension of the collapsed lumina; and
hydrogen bonds couple together facing portions of the collapsed lumina in the chemically-modified, densified piece of wood.
14. The method of claim 9 , further comprising, after the pressing, applying a coating or paint to one or more external surfaces of the chemically-modified, densified piece of wood.
15. The method of claim 9 , further comprising:
prior to the pressing, depositing non-native hydrophobic nanoparticles within the lumina or over internal surfaces of the cellulose-based microstructure,
wherein, after the pressing, the non-native hydrophobic nanoparticles are incorporated within the collapsed lumina.
16. The method of claim 9 , further comprising:
after the chemically-modifying, further treating the piece of wood to improve resistance to weather or salt water by immersing in cupramate (CDDC), ammoniacal copper quaternary (ACQ), chromated copper arsenate (CCA), ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate (ACZA), copper naphthenate, acid copper chromate, copper citrate, copper azole, copper 8-hydroxyquinolinate, pentachlorophenol, zinc naphthenate, copper naphthenate, kreosote, titanium dioxide, propiconazole, tebuconazole, cyproconazole, boric acid, borax, organic iodide (IPBC), Na 2 B 8 O 13 .4H 2 O, or any combination of the foregoing.
17. The method of claim 9 , wherein a thickness of the chemically-modified, densified piece of wood after the pressing is at least 60% reduced as compared to a thickness of the piece of wood prior to the chemically-modifying.
18. The method of claim 9 , further comprising:
after the chemically-modifying, further treating the piece of wood to be hydrophobic using epoxy resin, silicone oil, polyurethane, paraffin emulsion, acetic anhydride, octadecyltrichloro silane (OTS), 1H, 1H, 2H, 2H-perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane, fluororesin, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), methacryloxymethyltrimethyl-silane (MSi), polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS), potassium methyl siliconate (PMS), dodecyl(trimethoxy) silane (DTMS), hexamethyldisiloxane, dimethyl diethoxy silane, tetraethoxysilane, methyltrichlorosilane, ethyltrimethoxysilane, methyl triethoxysilane, trimethylchlorosilane, phenyltrimethoxysilane, phenyltriethoxysilane, propyltrimethoxysilane, polymethyl methacrylate, polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (polyDADMAC), 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate (MPS), hydrophobic stearic acid, amphiphilic fluorinated triblock azide copolymers, polyvinylidene fluoride and fluorinated silane, n-dodecyltrimethoxysilane, sodium lauryl sulfate, or any combination of the foregoing.
19. The method of claim 9 , wherein the pressing comprises using at least one roller to mechanically compress the piece in the second direction.