Evaporative devices having delignified plant materials, and systems and methods for fabrication and use thereof
An evaporative device has a piece of at least partially-delignified plant material. The at least partially-delignified plant material has a modified microstructure including a plurality of vessels, a plurality of fibers, and a plurality of engineered micropores. Each vessel can define a first lumen having a maximum cross-sectional dimension of at least 100 μm. Each fiber can define a second lumen having a maximum cross-sectional dimension less than or equal to 20 μm. The engineered micropores can extend through walls of the vessels or fibers so as to fluidically interconnect the first and second lumina. In some embodiments, the plant material is reed or bamboo.
1 . A method comprising:
providing an evaporative device in fluid communication with a body of fluid, the evaporative device comprising a piece of at least partially-delignified plant material having a modified microstructure comprising:
a plurality of vessels, each vessel defining a first lumen having a maximum cross-sectional dimension of at least 100 μm;
a plurality of fibers, each fiber defining a second lumen having a maximum cross-sectional dimension less than or equal to 20 μm; and
a plurality of engineered micropores that extend through walls of the vessels or fibers so as to fluidically interconnect the first and second lumina; and
evaporating fluid from the body of fluid using the evaporative device.
2 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the providing comprises disposing a first portion of the evaporative device within the body of fluid and a second portion of the evaporative device outside of the body of fluid.
3 . The method of claim 2 , wherein the first and second portions are respective end portions of the piece of at least partially-delignified plant material separated from each other along an extension direction that is substantially parallel to a longitudinal growth direction of an original natural plant material.
4 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the body of fluid comprises a sterilant constructed to kill airborne pathogens.
5 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the body of fluid comprises water, an alcohol, or any combination thereof.
6 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the body of fluid comprises a perfume, fragrance, essential oil, or any combination thereof.
7 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the vessels and the fibers extend along an extension direction that is substantially parallel to a longitudinal growth direction of an original natural plant material, and the engineered micropores extend along a direction that is perpendicular to, or at least crosses, the extension direction.
8 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the engineered micropores have a maximum cross-sectional dimension less than or equal to 2 μm.
9 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the plant material is reed or bamboo.
10 . The method of claim 9 , wherein the plant material is reed and a lignin content in the piece of at least partially-delignified plant material is less than or equal to 11 wt %.
11 . The method of claim 9 , wherein the plant material is bamboo and a lignin content in the piece of at least partially-delignified plant material is less than or equal to 18 wt %.
12 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the modified microstructure is constructed such that longitudinal transport of fluid through the piece primarily occurs via the second lumina and evaporation of fluid primarily occurs via the first lumina.
13 . The method of claim 1 , wherein a porosity of the piece of at least partially-delignified plant material is at least 75%.
14 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the piece of at least partially-delignified plant material is constructed to provide a water retention value of at least 1.5 g/g.
15 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising, prior to the providing:
(a) producing a piece of at least partially-delignified plant material by subjecting a piece of natural plant material to one or more chemical treatments so as to remove at least some lignin therefrom;
(b) rinsing the piece of at least partially-delignified plant material with a rinsing solution; and
(c) drying the piece of at least partially-delignified plant material, thereby forming the evaporative device.
16 . The method of claim 15 , wherein at least one of the one or more chemical treatments of (a) comprises partial or full immersion in one or more chemicals.
17 . The method of claim 16 , wherein the one or more chemicals comprises sodium hydroxide (NaOH), lithium hydroxide (LiOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH), sodium sulfite (Na 2 SO 3 ), sodium sulfide (Na 2 S), Na n S wherein n is an integer, urea (CH 4 N 2 O), sodium bisulfite (NaHSO 3 ), sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), anthraquinone (C 14 H 8 O 2 ), methanol (CH 3 OH), ethanol (C 2 H 5 OH), butanol (C 4 H 9 OH), formic acid (CH 2 O 2 ), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), acetic acid (CH 3 COOH), butyric acid (C 4 H 8 O 2 ), peroxyformic acid (CH 2 O 3 ), peroxyacetic acid (C 2 H 4 O 3 ), ammonia (NH 3 ), tosylic acid (p-TsOH), sodium hypochlorite (NaClO), sodium chlorite (NaClO 2 ), chlorine dioxide (ClO 2 ), chorine (Cl 2 ), or any combination of the above.
18 . The method of claim 16 , wherein the one or more chemical treatments of (a) comprises treatment with a first solution of NaOH and Na 2 SO 3 followed by treatment with a second solution of H 2 O 2 .
19 . The method of claim 15 , wherein, after (a):
a lignin content in the piece of at least partially-delignified plant material is less than or equal to 5 wt %;
a hemicellulose content in the piece of at least partially-delignified plant material is less than or equal to 15 wt %;
a cellulose content in the piece of at least partially-delignified plant material is at least 50 wt %; or
any combination of the above.
20 . The method of claim 15 , wherein:
a density of the piece of at least partially-delignified plant material after (c) is less than 0.5 g/cm 3 ; or
a surface area of the piece of at least partially-delignified plant material after (a) is at least 5 cm 2 /g.