Electrode apparatus for creating a non-uniform electric field to remove polarized molecules in a fluid
An electrode apparatus and method remove a polarized molecule in a fluid. In another aspect, a non-uniform electric field is created between an anode and a cathode, the fluid flows within a gap between the cathode and the anode, and the polarized molecule is driven by an electrostatic force to and adsorbed on the anode without experiencing a chemical reaction.
1 . A method for removing a polarized molecule in a drinking water fluid, the method comprising:
(a) supplying a voltage of 3-40 volts to an anode, the anode comprising at least one of: (i) an elongated rod comprising an electrically conductive porous material through an entire cross-sectional area of the rod, or (ii) porous activated carbon on an outside of a solid metal and elongated rod;
(b) creating a non-uniform electric field between the anode and a cathode;
(c) flowing the drinking water fluid within a gap between a cathode and the anode, the cathode surrounding at least a majority of the anode, which are longitudinally elongated in parallel directions and in a primary direction of flow of the drinking water fluid through the gap;
(d) causing the polarized molecule in the drinking water fluid to move to the anode with the assistance of step (b) without causing a corresponding electric current flow;
(e) trapping the polarized molecule in pores of the anode; and
(f) removing the anode, after step (e), for replacement or cleaning of the polarized molecules.
2 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the electrically conductive porous material of (a)(i) comprises plasma activated carbon having a surface area greater than 600 m 2 /g.
3 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the electrically conductive porous material of (a)(i) comprises plasma activated carbon.
4 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the cathode circumferentially surrounds the anode, there is no chemical reaction to the polarized molecule as it is removed from the drinking water fluid, an electrically coupled end of the anode projects past an end of the cathode, and the rod of the anode is manufactured as a unitary and uniform solid rod comprising the porous material which comprises an activated carbon intermixed with a binder throughout the entire cross-sectional area from end-to-end of the rod.
5 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the cathode and the anode are attached to a water faucet, and the removing the polarized molecule includes removing PFAS molecules from the drinking water fluid, and the rod of the anode only has the porous material at a middle area such that an end section of the rod is electrically coupled to an electrical connector.
6 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the flowing the drinking water fluid is through an industrial water treatment piping system to which the anode and the cathode are attached, the system comprising a contaminated supply reservoir, an electrode-based precipitator including the anode and the cathode, a water pump, sensors, and pipes, and the removing the polarized molecule includes removing PFAS molecules from the drinking water fluid.
7 . The method of claim 1 , wherein:
the cathode is longitudinally elongated and substantially cylindrical;
the gap is cylindrical and surrounds the anode;
the anode has an outer diameter less than half of an inner diameter of the cathode with the gap being therebetween;
the anode is entirely internal to the cathode; and
the rod comprises a foamed metal.
8 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
electrically connecting an end of the cathode to an electrical ground;
wherein the removing the polarized molecule includes removing PFAS molecules from the drinking water fluid by driving or pulling the PFAS molecules toward the anode without additional filtering; and
wherein a size of the cathode differs from a size of the anode to create the non-uniform electric field therebetween.
9 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
the removing the polarized molecule includes removing at least one of: benzene, carbon dioxide or sulphur dioxide, from the drinking water fluid by driving or pulling the polarized molecule toward the anode without additional filtering; and
electrically connecting an end of the cathode to an electrical ground;
wherein a size of the cathode differs from a size of the anode to create the non-uniform electric field therebetween.
10 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising supplying electricity to the anode from a battery.
11 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the porous material includes a plasma activated carbon, and the anode comprises the plasma activated carbon, further comprising an adapter with a threaded coupling configured for attachment to a residential drinking water faucet, the adapter including the anode and the cathode therein, and a distal end of the cathode including longitudinally accessible holes to allow the drinking water fluid to flow therethrough.
12 . A method for removing a polarized molecule in a fluid, the method comprising:
(a) supplying 3-40 volts to an anode, the anode comprising at least one of: (i) an electrically conductive porous material, or (ii) plasma activated carbon;
(b) creating an electrical potential difference between the anode and a cathode;
(c) flowing the fluid within a gap between a cathode and the anode, the fluid including drinking water, the cathode surrounding at least a majority of the anode;
(d) causing the polarized molecule in the fluid to move to the anode with the assistance of step (b) without causing a corresponding electric current flow and without causing a chemical reaction in the polarized molecule;
(e) adsorbing the polarized molecule, which comprises PFAS, in pores in the anode; and
(f) wherein the cathode is longitudinally elongated and substantially cylindrical;
(i) the gap is cylindrical and surrounds the anode;
(ii) the anode and the cathode are concentric;
(iii) the anode has an outer diameter less than half of an inner diameter of the cathode with the gap being therebetween; and
(iv) a longitudinal length of the anode is less than a longitudinal length of the cathode.
13 . The method of claim 12 , wherein the anode includes the electrically conductive porous material, and the anode comprises a rod which only has the porous material or plasma activated carbon at a middle area such that an end section of the rod is electrically coupled to an electrical connector.
14 . The method of claim 12 , wherein:
the anode includes the electrically conductive porous material, and the anode comprises a rod which only has the porous material or plasma activated carbon at a middle area such that an end section of the rod is electrically coupled to an electrical connector; and
a size of the cathode differs from a size of the anode to create a non-uniform electric field therebetween.
15 . The method of claim 12 , wherein the cathode and the anode are attached to a residential drinking water faucet, and the anode is located entirely within the cathode, and the removing the polarized molecule includes removing the PFAS molecules from the drinking water, further comprising an adapter with a threaded coupling attaching to the residential drinking water faucet, the adapter including the anode and the cathode therein, and a distal end of the cathode including longitudinally accessible holes to allow the drinking water to flow therethrough.
16 . The method of claim 12 , wherein the flowing the fluid is through an industrial water treatment piping system to which the anode and the cathode are attached, the system comprising a contaminated supply reservoir, an electrode-based precipitator including the anode and the cathode, a water pump, sensors, and pipes, and the removing the polarized molecule includes removing the PFAS molecules from the fluid, and the anode comprising a rod including a foamed metal.
17 . The method of claim 12 , wherein:
the anode comprises an elongated metallic rod having a middle area coated with the plasma activated carbon and with an uncoated end section which is electrically coupled to an electrical connector.
18 . The method of claim 12 , wherein the removing the polarized molecule includes removing the PFAS molecules from the fluid by driving or pulling the PFAS molecules toward the anode without additional filtering, and the anode is removable after the polarized molecule is adsorbed into the electrically conductive porous material or the plasma activated carbon material of the anode without creating electrolysis.
19 . The method of claim 12 , further comprising supplying electricity to the anode from a battery.
20 . The method of claim 12 , wherein the anode includes the plasma activated carbon, having a surface area greater than 600 m 2 /g, on an outside of a solid metal core.
21 . The method of claim 12 , wherein the anode includes the porous material, which comprises a foamed metallic material having a porosity greater than or equal to 95% and 80-110 pores per inch.
22 . A method for removing a polarized molecule, the method comprising:
(a) supplying a voltage between an anode and a cathode, the anode comprising at least one of: (i) an electrically conductive porous material, or (ii) plasma activated carbon material on an outside of a solid metal core, the plasma activated carbon material having a surface area greater than 600 m 2 /g;
(b) creating a non-uniform electric field between the anode and the cathode without creating a chemical reaction and electrolysis;
(c) flowing drinking water within a gap between a cathode and the anode, the cathode surrounding at least a majority of the anode;
(e) coupling threads of an adapter to a drinking water faucet, the adapter including the anode and the cathode therein, and a distal end of the cathode including longitudinally accessible holes to allow the drinking water to flow therethrough;
(f) trapping the polarized molecule from the drinking water in the material of the anode;
(g) the anode and the cathode removing at least one of the polarized molecules comprising: (a) PFAS, (b) benzene, (c) carbon dioxide, or (d) sulphur dioxide, from the water flowing through the gap without causing an electric current flow between the anode and the cathode, and without causing a chemical reaction; and
(h) the anode being removable after the polarized molecules are adsorbed into the electrically conductive porous material or the plasma activated carbon material of the anode, and the anode being configured for replacement or cleaning after removal.
23 . The method of claim 22 , wherein the anode includes the porous material, which comprises a foamed metallic material having a porosity greater than or equal to 95% and 80-110 pores per inch.
24 . The method of claim 22 , further comprising:
the faucet being a residential drinking water faucet; and
a battery connected to the anode;
the anode being entirely internal to the cathode; and
the removing the polarized molecules including driving or pulling the polarized molecule toward the anode without additional filtering.
25 . The method of claim 22 , further comprising:
the cathode being longitudinally elongated and substantially cylindrical;
surrounding the anode with the gap which is cylindrical;
the anode having an outer diameter less than half of an inner diameter of the cathode with the gap being therebetween;
supplying 3-40 volts to the anode;
the anode further comprising an elongated metallic rod having a middle area coated with the plasma activated carbon and with an uncoated end section; and
electrically coupling the uncoated end section to an electrical connector.
26 . The method of claim 22 , wherein the polarized molecules comprise PFAS.
27 . A method for removing a polarized molecule in a fluid, the method comprising:
(a) supplying a voltage of 3-40 volts, between an anode and a cathode, the anode comprising a porous material;
(b) creating a non-uniform electric field between the anode and the cathode;
(c) flowing the fluid within a gap between a cathode and the anode, the fluid including drinking water;
(d) the cathode surrounding at least a majority of the anode; and
(e) causing the polarized molecule in the fluid to move to the anode with the assistance of step (b) without causing a corresponding electric current flow or electrolysis, the polarized molecule including PFAS.
28 . The method of claim 27 , wherein the anode comprises at least one of: (i) an elongated rod comprising the porous material which is an electrically conductive porous material through an entire cross-sectional area of the rod, or (ii) the porous material comprises a porous activated carbon on an outside of a solid metal and elongated rod.
29 . The method of claim 27 , wherein the porous material of the anode comprises a porous metallic foam and activated carbon.
30 . The method of claim 27 , further comprising:
flowing the fluid through a residential drinking water faucet; and
the supplying the voltage is from a battery connected to the anode;
the anode being entirely internal to the cathode; and
removing the polarized molecule by driving or pulling the polarized molecule toward the anode without additional filtering.
31 . The method of claim 27 , further comprising:
the cathode being longitudinally elongated and substantially cylindrical;
surrounding the anode with the gap which is cylindrical;
the anode having an outer diameter less than half of an inner diameter of the cathode with the gap being therebetween;
supplying 3-40 volts to the anode;
the anode further comprising an elongated metallic rod having a middle area coated with the porous material which comprises plasma activated carbon and with an uncoated end section; and
electrically coupling the uncoated end section to an electrical connector.