IP Library › Granted Patent US 12,286,716
Granted Patent B2
US 12,286,716 · App. 17/452,395 · Granted Apr 29, 2025

System and method for carbon dioxide reactor control

Inventors: Nicholas H. Flanders (San Francisco, CA); Kendra P. Kuhl (Oakland, CA); Etosha R. Cave (Berkeley, CA); Sichao Ma (Dublin, CA); Ziyang Huo (Moraga, CA); Carter S. Haines (Berkeley, CA); Timothy A. Bekkedahl (Sunnyvale, CA); Kathryn L. Corp (Berkeley, CA); Ashley D. Mishra (Danville, CA); Edward Izett (Berkeley, CA); Luka Stevic (Novi Sad, RS)
Assignee: Twelve Benefit Corporation
C25B15/081B01D53/1475B01D53/1493B01D53/18B01D53/229B01J20/08B01J20/10B01J20/20B01J20/3483C01B3/34C01B3/503C07C1/0485C07C4/02C12M43/00C12P5/023C12P7/06C12P7/16C12P7/52C12P7/54C25B1/23C25B3/03C25B3/26C25B9/23C25B13/08C25B15/083B01D2252/30B01J2220/42C01B2203/0216C01B2203/0405C01B2203/062
View Patent ↗
Loading inventors, assignments & file history…
Monitor This Case
Get email alerts when status or documents change.
Order Certified Copies
Most orders are placed with the USPTO same day — all within 24 business hours.
Order via The Patent Place →
Pre-filled with this patent's details
Quick Facts
Patent No.
US 12,286,716
App. No.
17/452,395
Granted
Apr 29, 2025
Kind
B2
Abstract

A system optionally including a carbon oxide reactor. A method for carbon oxide reactor control, optionally including selecting carbon oxide reactor aspects based on a desired output composition, running a carbon oxide reactor under controlled process conditions to produce a desired output composition, and/or altering the process conditions to alter the output composition.

Claims (61)

1. A system for producing liquid hydrocarbons from carbon dioxide, the system comprising:

(a) a carbon dioxide reduction electrolyzer comprising a membrane electrode assembly, which comprises one or more ion conductive polymer layers and a cathode catalyst for facilitating chemical reduction of carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide, wherein the cathode catalyst contacts the one or more ion conductive polymer layers, and wherein the carbon dioxide reduction electrolyzer is configured to operate at a temperature no higher than 100° C.; and

(b) a liquid hydrocarbon synthesis reactor configured to produce a liquid hydrocarbon mixture from the carbon monoxide and hydrogen,

wherein the carbon dioxide reduction electrolyzer is configured to produce at least some of the hydrogen, and

wherein the system is configured to transport the carbon monoxide from the carbon dioxide reduction electrolyzer and the hydrogen to the liquid hydrocarbon synthesis reactor.

2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the carbon dioxide reduction electrolyzer is configured to produce the hydrogen and the carbon monoxide in a molar ratio of at least about 1:1.

3. The system of claim 1 , wherein the carbon dioxide reduction electrolyzer and the liquid hydrocarbon synthesis reactor are located in a single plant.

4. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a carbon dioxide capture subsystem configured to directly capture carbon dioxide from a gas, and wherein the system is further configured to provide captured carbon dioxide from the carbon dioxide capture subsystem to the carbon dioxide reduction electrolyzer.

5. The system of claim 4 , wherein the system is further configured to provide heat generated by the liquid hydrocarbon synthesis reactor to the carbon dioxide capture subsystem to facilitate release of carbon dioxide.

6. The system of claim 4 , wherein the system and/or the carbon dioxide capture subsystem is configured to capture carbon dioxide from a combustion reaction on a vessel or vehicle.

7. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a compressor configured to increase pressure of the carbon monoxide and hydrogen from the carbon dioxide reduction electrolyzer before introduction to the liquid hydrocarbon synthesis reactor.

8. The system of claim 1 , wherein the carbon dioxide reduction electrolyzer is configured to produce an outlet stream comprising carbon dioxide, the carbon monoxide, and the hydrogen, wherein the system further comprises a carbon dioxide absorption chamber configured to contact the outlet stream with an absorbent to remove at least a portion of the carbon dioxide from the outlet stream prior to providing the carbon monoxide and the hydrogen to the liquid hydrocarbon synthesis reactor,

wherein the carbon dioxide is in the gas phase.

9. The system of claim 8 , wherein the absorbent is an ionic liquid.

10. The system of claim 1 , wherein the carbon dioxide reduction electrolyzer is configured to produce an outlet stream comprising carbon dioxide, the carbon monoxide, and the hydrogen, wherein the system further comprises a carbon monoxide absorption chamber configured to contact the outlet stream with an absorbent to remove at least a portion of the carbon monoxide upstream from the liquid hydrocarbon synthesis reactor.

11. The system of claim 10 , further comprising a carbon dioxide separator comprising a membrane configured to separate at least a portion of the hydrogen from the carbon dioxide upstream from the liquid hydrocarbon synthesis reactor.

12. The system of claim 1 , wherein the liquid hydrocarbon synthesis reactor is configured to perform a Fischer-Tropsch process.

13. The system of claim 12 , wherein the system is further configured to deliver heat generated by the Fischer-Tropsch process to the carbon dioxide reduction electrolyzer.

14. The system of claim 12 , wherein the system is further configured to deliver heat generated by the Fischer-Tropsch process to a carbon dioxide capture subsystem configured to directly capture carbon dioxide from a gas, and wherein the system is further configured to provide captured carbon dioxide from the carbon dioxide capture subsystem to the carbon dioxide reduction electrolyzer.

15. The system of claim 12 , wherein the system is further configured to deliver heat generated by the Fischer-Tropsch process to a steam-methane reforming reactor.

16. The system of claim 15 , wherein the system is further configured to transport a tail gas from the Fischer-Tropsch process to the steam-methane reforming reactor.

17. The system of claim 12 , wherein the system is further configured to deliver heat generated by the Fischer-Tropsch process to distill the liquid hydrocarbon mixture produced by the liquid hydrocarbon synthesis reactor.

18. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a tail gas combustion unit configured to combust tail gas produced by the liquid hydrocarbon synthesis reactor and produce carbon dioxide, and wherein the system is configured to transport the carbon dioxide from the tail gas combustion unit to the carbon dioxide reduction electrolyzer.

19. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a cracking reactor configured to produce unsaturated hydrocarbons from the liquid hydrocarbon mixture, wherein the system is configured to transport the liquid hydrocarbon mixture from the liquid hydrocarbon synthesis reactor to the cracking reactor.

20. The system of claim 19 , wherein the cracking reactor is configured to produce phenol, propylene, or p-xylene from the unsaturated hydrocarbons.

21. A method for producing liquid hydrocarbons from carbon dioxide, the method comprising:

chemically reducing carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide using a carbon dioxide reduction electrolyzer comprising a membrane electrode assembly, which comprises one or more ion conductive polymer layers and a cathode catalyst for facilitating chemical reduction of the carbon dioxide to the carbon monoxide, wherein the cathode catalyst contacts the one or more ion conductive polymer layers, and wherein the carbon dioxide reduction electrolyzer is operated at a temperature no higher than 100° C.; and

transporting the carbon monoxide from the carbon dioxide reduction electrolyzer and hydrogen to a liquid hydrocarbon synthesis reactor, wherein at least some of the hydrogen is produced by the carbon dioxide reduction electrolyzer; and

in the liquid hydrocarbon synthesis reactor, producing a liquid hydrocarbon mixture from the carbon monoxide and the hydrogen.

22. The method of claim 21 , wherein chemically reducing carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide additionally produces the hydrogen and wherein the hydrogen and the carbon monoxide are produced in a molar ratio of at least about 1:1.

23. The method of claim 21 , wherein chemically reducing carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide and producing the liquid hydrocarbon mixture from the carbon monoxide and the hydrogen are performed in a single plant.

24. The method of claim 21 , further comprising directly capturing carbon dioxide from a gas, and reducing captured carbon dioxide to the carbon monoxide in the carbon dioxide reduction electrolyzer.

25. The method of claim 24 , further comprising providing heat generated by the liquid hydrocarbon synthesis reactor to a carbon dioxide capture subsystem to facilitate release of the captured carbon dioxide.

26. The method of claim 24 , wherein directly capturing carbon dioxide from the gas comprises capturing carbon dioxide from a combustion reaction on a vessel or vehicle.

27. The method of claim 21 , further comprising increasing pressure of the carbon monoxide and the hydrogen from the carbon dioxide reduction electrolyzer before producing the liquid hydrocarbon mixture from the carbon monoxide and the hydrogen.

28. The method of claim 21 , wherein the carbon dioxide reduction electrolyzer produces an outlet stream comprising carbon dioxide, the carbon monoxide, and the hydrogen, wherein the method further comprises contacting the outlet stream with an absorbent to remove at least a portion of the carbon dioxide from the outlet stream prior to providing the carbon monoxide and the hydrogen to the liquid hydrocarbon synthesis reactor, wherein the carbon dioxide is in the gas phase.

29. The method of claim 28 , wherein the absorbent is an ionic liquid.

30. The method of claim 21 , wherein the carbon dioxide reduction electrolyzer produces an outlet stream comprising carbon dioxide, the carbon monoxide, and the hydrogen, wherein the method further comprises contacting the outlet stream with an absorbent to remove at least a portion of the carbon monoxide from the outlet stream prior to providing the carbon monoxide to the liquid hydrocarbon synthesis reactor.

31. The method of claim 30 , further comprising separating at least a portion of the hydrogen from the carbon dioxide prior to providing the hydrogen to the liquid hydrocarbon synthesis reactor.

32. The method of claim 21 , wherein producing the liquid hydrocarbon mixture comprises performing a Fischer-Tropsch process.

33. The method of claim 32 , further comprising delivering heat generated by the Fischer-Tropsch process to the carbon dioxide reduction electrolyzer.

34. The method of claim 32 , further comprising delivering heat generated by the Fischer-Tropsch process to a carbon dioxide capture subsystem configured to directly capture carbon dioxide from a gas, and wherein the method further comprises providing captured carbon dioxide from the carbon dioxide capture subsystem to the carbon dioxide reduction electrolyzer.

35. The method of claim 32 , further comprising delivering heat generated by the Fischer-Tropsch process to a steam-methane reforming reaction.

36. The method of claim 35 , further comprising transporting a tail gas from the Fischer-Tropsch process to the steam-methane reforming reaction.

37. The method of claim 32 , further comprising delivering heat generated by the Fischer-Tropsch process to distill the liquid hydrocarbon mixture.

38. The method of claim 21 , further comprising combusting a tail gas produced by the liquid hydrocarbon synthesis reactor and producing carbon dioxide from combusting the tail gas, and transporting the carbon dioxide from combusting the tail gas to the carbon dioxide reduction electrolyzer.

39. The method of claim 21 , further comprising transporting the liquid hydrocarbon mixture from the liquid hydrocarbon synthesis reactor to a cracking reactor, and cracking the liquid hydrocarbon mixture in the cracking reactor to produce unsaturated hydrocarbons.

40. The method of claim 39 , further comprising producing phenol, propylene, or p-xylene from the unsaturated hydrocarbons.

41. The system of claim 1 , wherein the liquid hydrocarbon mixture comprises a naphtha.

42. The system of claim 1 , wherein the liquid hydrocarbon mixture comprises jet fuel, diesel, or gasoline.

43. The system of claim 1 , wherein the cathode catalyst is provided in a cathode catalyst layer comprising an ionomer and the cathode catalyst.

44. The system of claim 1 , further comprising:

(c) a gas separation unit configured to remove carbon dioxide from an outlet stream of the carbon dioxide reduction electrolyzer and produce a separated carbon dioxide stream; and

(d) a carbon dioxide recycle loop configured to recycle at least a portion of the separated carbon dioxide stream to the carbon dioxide reduction electrolyzer.

45. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a source of hydrogen other than the carbon dioxide reduction electrolyzer; wherein the source of hydrogen is configured to produce at least some of the hydrogen for the liquid hydrocarbon synthesis reactor.

46. The system of claim 45 , wherein the source of hydrogen comprises a water electrolyzer.

47. The system of claim 1 , further comprising:

an oxygen separator unit configured to remove an oxygen from an outlet stream of an anode of the carbon dioxide reduction electrolyzer and produce a separated oxygen stream and an oxygen-deficient anolyte stream; and

an anolyte recycle loop configured to recycle at least a portion of the oxygen-deficient anolyte stream to the anode of the carbon dioxide reduction electrolyzer.

48. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a carbon dioxide separation unit configured to separate carbon dioxide from the hydrogen and carbon monoxide produced by the carbon dioxide reduction reactor to produce a separated carbon dioxide stream and a separated hydrogen and carbon monoxide stream.

49. The system of claim 48 , wherein the liquid hydrocarbon synthesis reactor is configured to receive the separated carbon monoxide and hydrogen from the carbon dioxide separation unit.

Assignments (4)
SECURITY INTEREST Recorded Jan 19, 2026
From: TWELVE BENEFIT CORPORATION
To: SUMITOMO MITSUI BANKING CORPORATION
Reel/Frame 074435/0926 →
CONFIRMATORY LICENSE Recorded Jun 18, 2025
From: OPUS 12, INC.
To: NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION
Reel/Frame 071680/0322 →
CHANGE OF NAME Recorded May 13, 2022
From: OPUS 12 INCORPORATED
To: TWELVE BENEFIT CORPORATION
Reel/Frame 060068/0332 →
ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNOR'S INTEREST Recorded Dec 23, 2021
From: FLANDERS, NICHOLAS H.; KUHL, KENDRA P.; CAVE, ETOSHA R.; MA, SICHAO; HUO, ZIYANG; HAINES, CARTER S.; BEKKEDAHL, TIMOTHY A.; CORP, KATHRYN L.; MISHRA, ASHLEY D.; IZETT, EDWARD; STEVIC, LUKA
To: OPUS 12 INCORPORATED
Reel/Frame 058470/0182 →
Continuity (7)
Continuation 17444356 · Aug 3, 2021
Continuation In Part 16254255 · Jan 22, 2019
Provisional Application 63060583 · Aug 3, 2020
Provisional Application 62685771 · Jun 15, 2018
Provisional Application 62619996 · Jan 22, 2018
Provisional Application 62620109 · Jan 22, 2018
Related Publication 20220153656A1 · May 19, 2022
References Cited (400)
US 2650245A · Boaden et al. · 1953 [cited by applicant]
US 3755099A · Haupin · 1973 [cited by applicant]
US 4042496A · Tsushima et al. · 1977 [cited by applicant]
US 4089758A · McAloon · 1978 [cited by applicant]
US 4116889A · Chlanda et al. · 1978 [cited by applicant]
US 4176215A · Molnar et al. · 1979 [cited by applicant]
US 4253900A · Dege et al. · 1981 [cited by applicant]
US 4355116A · Lee et al. · 1982 [cited by applicant]
US 4609440A · Frese, Jr. et al. · 1986 [cited by applicant]
US 4761207A · Stewart, Jr. et al. · 1988 [cited by applicant]
US 4766161A · Chlanda et al. · 1988 [cited by applicant]
US 4828941A · Sterzel · 1989 [cited by applicant]
US 4921586A · Molter · 1990 [cited by applicant]
US 5039389A · McMichael · 1991 [cited by applicant]
US 5601937A · Isenberg · 1997 [cited by applicant]
US 5992008A · Kindler · 1999 [cited by applicant]
US 6358651B1 · Chen et al. · 2002 [cited by applicant]
US 7605293B2 · Olah et al. · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 7608356B2 · Risen, Jr. et al. · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 7704369B2 · Olah et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 7883817B2 · Hori et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 8075746B2 · Hartvigsen et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 8131859B2 · Fujii et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 8137859B2 · Shin et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 8268026B2 · Norbeck et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 8277631B2 · Eastman et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 8366902B2 · Hawkes et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 8535502B2 · Littau et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 8592633B2 · Cole et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 8652104B2 · Goral et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 8652704B2 · Sano et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 8658016B2 · Lakkaraju et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 8721866B2 · Sivasankar et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 8741244B2 · Jones · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 8778156B2 · Eisaman et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 8845875B2 · Teamey et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 8845878B2 · Cole et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 8956990B2 · Masel et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 9012345B2 · Masel et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 9108894B1 · Foody et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 9145615B2 · Zhai et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 9181625B2 · Masel et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 9193593B2 · Masel et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 9238598B2 · Hammad et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 9370773B2 · Masel et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 9464359B2 · Masel et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 9481939B2 · Masel et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 9486771B2 · Lane et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 9555367B2 · Masel et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 9566574B2 · Masel et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 9580824B2 · Masel et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 9586181B2 · Eisaman et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 9631284B2 · Braun et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 9914683B2 · Eisaman · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 9920437B2 · Reytier et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 9937471B1 · Eisaman · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 10280378B2 · Masel · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 10329676B2 · Kaczur et al. · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 10648091B2 · Kuhl et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 10822709B2 · Kuhl et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 10975480B2 · Masel · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 10975481B2 · Guo et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 11142832B2 · O'Brien et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 11512403B2 · Kuhl et al. · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 11680328B2 · Huo et al. · 2023 [cited by applicant]
US 11939284B2 · Stevic · 2024 [cited by applicant]
US 20030059658A1 · Kohler et al. · 2003 [cited by applicant]
US 20050147859A1 · Kiefer et al. · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 20050239912A1 · Arcella et al. · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 20060016685A1 · Hawkins et al. · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 20060211777A1 · Severinsky · 2006 [cited by examiner]
US 20080283411A1 · Eastman et al. · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 20080318093A1 · Lee et al. · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 20090014336A1 · Olah et al. · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 20090117436A1 · Choi et al. · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 20090155102A1 · Park et al. · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 20100137457A1 · Kaplan · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 20100159347A1 · Choi et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 20100273087A1 · Choi et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 20100324256A1 · Ooms et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 20110206566A1 · Stoots et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 20120171583A1 · Bocarsly et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 20120228150A1 · Kang et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 20120252091A1 · Rasmussen et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 20120328942A1 · Thomas-Alyea et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 20130105304A1 · Kaczur et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 20130118911A1 · Sivasankar et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 20130345325A1 · Lecomte et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 20140027303A1 · Cole et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 20140034506A1 · Teamey et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 20140093799A1 · Masel et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 20140151240A1 · Bedell · 2014 [cited by examiner]
US 20140206894A1 · Cole et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 20140206896A1 · Sivasankar et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 20150010804A1 · Laramie et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20150030888A1 · Popat et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20150057458A1 · Schjodt et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20150064602A1 · Lee et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20150217266A1 · Sherwood · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20150232999A1 · Busskamp et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20150329979A1 · Reytier et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20160017503A1 · Kaczur et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20160032787A1 · Hong et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20160107154A1 · Masel et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20160152905A1 · Kelfkens et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20160161869A1 · Avneri et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20160194766A1 · Eastman et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20160369688A1 · Hamad et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20170037522A1 · Kaczur et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 20170183789A1 · Matthews et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 20170218404A1 · Simpson et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 20170321333A1 · Kuhl et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 20170321334A1 · Kuhl et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 20170328239A1 · Fleischer et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 20180057950A1 · Co et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 20180086984A1 · Chen et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 20180086985A1 · Von Olshausen et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 20180171495A1 · Masel · 2018 [cited by examiner]
US 20180194632A1 · Jakobsson et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 20180257057A1 · Motoshige et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 20180264429A1 · Sugano · 2018 [cited by examiner]
US 20180265440A1 · Kudo et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 20190016594A1 · Singh et al. · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 20190032228A1 · Krause et al. · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 20190036143A1 · Yan et al. · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 20190062931A1 · Stark et al. · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 20190093241A1 · Baldauf et al. · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 20190127865A1 · Li et al. · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 20190134570A1 · Pintauro et al. · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 20190211463A1 · Masel · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 20190226103A1 · Kuhl et al. · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 20190233350A1 · Sankaranarayanan et al. · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 20190359894A1 · Heidel et al. · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 20190360005A1 · Baldauf et al. · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 20190376190A1 · O'Brien et al. · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 20200095124A1 · Rueger · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20200153013A1 · Herrmann et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20200240023A1 · Cave et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20200308718A1 · Patru et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20200376479A1 · Masel · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20210002775A1 · Matsumoto et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 20210031137A1 · Goetheer et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 20210047743A1 · Goetheer et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 20210123146A1 · Berlinguette et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 20210164116A1 · Kuhl et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 20210207275A1 · Huo et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 20210285111A1 · Fernández Sanchis et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 20210381116A1 · Kashi et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 20210387139A1 · Voskian et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 20210395908A1 · Kuhl et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 20220119636A1 · Wang et al. · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 20220119641A1 · Wang et al. · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 20220136119A1 · Flanders et al. · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 20220152556A1 · Hoshino · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 20220227684A1 · Hashimoto · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 20220227701A1 · Bulan et al. · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 20220235479A1 · Scheiff et al. · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 20220246966A1 · Brown · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 20230175088A1 · Cintron et al. · 2023 [cited by applicant]
US 20230175146A1 · Kashi et al. · 2023 [cited by applicant]
US 20230202840A1 · Flanders et al. · 2023 [cited by applicant]
US 20230265572A1 · Kuhl et al. · 2023 [cited by applicant]
US 20230415104A1 · Huo et al. · 2023 [cited by applicant]
US 20230417189A1 · Ross · 2023 [cited by applicant]
US 20240011165A1 · Flanders et al. · 2024 [cited by applicant]
US 20240051909A1 · Stevic · 2024 [cited by applicant]
US 20240158928A1 · Wu et al. · 2024 [cited by applicant]
US 20240174590A1 · Stevic · 2024 [cited by applicant]
US 20240200208A1 · Huo et al. · 2024 [cited by applicant]
CA 2950294C · 2022 [cited by applicant]
CN 101981744A · 2011 [cited by applicant]
CN 102308028A · 2012 [cited by applicant]
CN 102978653A · 2013 [cited by applicant]
CN 106148992A · 2016 [cited by applicant]
CN 106463743A · 2017 [cited by applicant]
CN 107180985A · 2017 [cited by applicant]
CN 107699915A · 2018 [cited by applicant]
CN 109921060A · 2019 [cited by applicant]
CN 112994054A · 2021 [cited by applicant]
DE 102006012313A1 · 2007 [cited by applicant]
DE 102007037672A1 · 2009 [cited by applicant]
DE 102013000255A1 · 2014 [cited by applicant]
DE 102015201132A1 · 2016 [cited by applicant]
DE 102015214592A1 · 2017 [cited by applicant]
DE 102016207420A1 · 2017 [cited by applicant]
EP 2163294A1 · 2010 [cited by applicant]
EP 3378968A1 · 2018 [cited by applicant]
EP 3434810A1 · 2019 [cited by applicant]
EP 3626861A1 · 2020 [cited by applicant]
EP 3670700A1 · 2020 [cited by applicant]
EP 3126038B1 · 2021 [cited by applicant]
GB 1269841A · 1972 [cited by applicant]
JP H06145379A · 1994 [cited by applicant]
JP 2009540130A · 2009 [cited by applicant]
JP 2010526214A · 2010 [cited by applicant]
JP 2014152219A · 2014 [cited by applicant]
JP 2015054994A · 2015 [cited by applicant]
JP 2015056315A · 2015 [cited by applicant]
JP 2015513615A · 2015 [cited by applicant]
JP 2015513616A · 2015 [cited by applicant]
JP 2016538420A · 2016 [cited by applicant]
JP 2017048442A · 2017 [cited by applicant]
JP 2017053013A · 2017 [cited by applicant]
JP 2017527701A · 2017 [cited by applicant]
JP 2019044238A · 2019 [cited by applicant]
JP 2019205997A · 2019 [cited by applicant]
KR 100962903B1 · 2010 [cited by applicant]
KR 20160000940A · 2016 [cited by applicant]
KR 20190028595A · 2019 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2007041872A1 · 2007 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2007108014A1 · 2007 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2008124538A1 · 2008 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2011100581A1 · 2011 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2011108546A1 · 2011 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2012006240A1 · 2012 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2012050530A1 · 2012 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2013006710A2 · 2013 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2013016447A2 · 2013 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2014018091A1 · 2014 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2014032000A1 · 2014 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2014042781A2 · 2014 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2014043651A2 · 2014 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2014046797A2 · 2014 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2014154253A1 · 2014 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2014160529A1 · 2014 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2015035521A1 · 2015 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2015184388A1 · 2015 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2016039999A1 · 2016 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2016124494A1 · 2016 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2017014635A1 · 2017 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2017021083A1 · 2017 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2017116307A1 · 2017 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2017171115A1 · 2017 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2018001637A1 · 2018 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2018044720A1 · 2018 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2019020239A1 · 2019 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2019051069A1 · 2019 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2019051609A1 · 2019 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2019120812A1 · 2019 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2019136018A2 · 2019 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2019144135A1 · 2019 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2019157507A1 · 2019 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2020057998A1 · 2020 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2020125868A1 · 2020 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2020157205A1 · 2020 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2020245070A1 · 2020 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2021108446A1 · 2021 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2021252535A2 · 2021 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2022031726A2 · 2022 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2022061392A1 · 2022 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2022235304A1 · 2022 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2023081846A1 · 2023 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2023205671A2 · 2023 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2023212597A1 · 2023 [cited by applicant]
Aeshala, L.M. et al., “Effect of solid polymer electrolyte on electrochemical reduction of CO2, Separation and Purification Technology,” 94, (2012), pp. 131-137. [cited by applicant]
Badami, M. “Leakage effects on the performance characteristics of a regenerative blower for the hydrogen recirculation of a PEM fuel cell,” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 55, Mar. 2012, pp. 20-25. [cited by applicant]
Badami, M., “Theoretical model with experimental validation of a regenerative blower for hydrogen recirculation in a PEM fuel cell system,” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 51, Issue 3, Mar. 2010, pp. 553-560. [cited by applicant]
Blaszczyk, J., “In-Situ Anode Recirculation Rate Measurement Method (Draft),” Ogura Industrial Corporation, Ballard Power Systems, Full Cell Seminar & Exposition 2011, October 31-Nov. 3, 2011, 22 pages. [cited by applicant]
Casebolt, R., et al., “Effect of Electrolyte Composition and Concentration on Pulsed Potential Electrochemical CO2 Reduction,” ChemElectroChem, Chemistry Europe, Accepted Manuscript, 25 pp. [cited by applicant]
Delacourt et al., “Design of an Electrochemical Cell Making Syngas (CO + H2) from CO2 and H2O Reduction at Room Temperature,” Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 155 (1), (2008), pp. B42-B49. [cited by applicant]
Endrodi, B., “Multilayer Electrolyzer Stack Converts Carbon Dioxide to Gas Products at High Pressure with Multilayer Electrolyzer Stack Converts Carbon,” acs Energy Lett. 2019, 4, 1770-1777. [cited by applicant]
EP search report dated Sep. 14, 2021, in application No. EP19741371.9. [cited by applicant]
Hori, Y., “Chapter 48: Co2-reduction, catalyzed by metal electrodes,” Handbook of Fuel Cells—Fundamentals, Technology and Applications, vol. 2, Electrocatalysis, 2003. pp. 720-733. [cited by applicant]
International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Apr. 30, 2019, for application No. PCT/US19/014586. [cited by applicant]
James, B.D., et al. 2017 DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program Review, Fuel Cell Systems Analysis, Strategic Analysis, Project IDI FC163, Jun. 8, 2017, 34 pages. [cited by applicant]
Kim, C., et al., “Impact of Pulsed Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 on the formation of C2+ Products over Cu,” ACS Catal., 2020, 10, 12403-12413. [cited by applicant]
Kimura, K.W., et al., “Selective Electrochemical CO2 Reduction During Pulsed Potential Stems From Dynamic Interface,” ACS Catalysis, ACS Paragon Plus Environment, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Downloaded f… [cited by applicant]
Kriescher, Stefanie M.A. et al., “A membrane electrode assembly for the electrochemical synthesis of hydrocarbons from C02(g) and Ho2(g), Electrochemistry Communications,” 50 (2015), pp. 64-68. [cited by applicant]
Li, et al., “Electrolysis of Co2 to Syngas in Bipolar Membrane-Based Electrochemical Cells,” ACS Publications, ACS Energy Letters, 2016, 1, pp. 1149-1153. [cited by applicant]
Li, et al., “Electrolytic Conversion of Bicarbonate into CO in a Flow Cell,” Cell Press, Joule 3, Jun. 19, 2019, pp. 1487-1497. [cited by applicant]
Office Action issued on Apr. 1, 2021, in U.S. Appl. No. 16/254,255. [cited by applicant]
Sharma, et al., “Electrocatalytic conversion of carbon dioxide to fuels: a review on the interaction between CO2 and the liquid electrolyte,” WIREs Energy Environ 2017, 6:e239. doi: 10.1002/wene.239, pp. 1-21. [cited by applicant]
Spets et al. “Direct Glucose Fuel Cell With Anion Exchange Membrane in the Near Neutral State Electrolyte, International Journal of Electrochemical Science,” 7, 11696-11705, Dec. 1, 2012, entire document, http.electroch… [cited by applicant]
Srinivasan, S. et al., “Advances in Solid Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Technology with Low Platinum Loading Electrodes,” Journal of Power Sources, 22 (1988) pp. 359-375. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Appl. No. 17/444,356, inventors Flanders et al., filed on Aug. 8, 2021. [cited by applicant]
Verma, et al., “The effect of electrolyte composition on the electroreduction of CO2 to CO on Ag based gas diffusion electrodes,” Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2016, 18, pp. 7075-7084. [cited by applicant]
Xia, Chuan, et al., “Continuous production of pure liquid fuel solutions via electrocatalytic CO2 reduction using solid electrolyte devices,” Nature Energy, http://www.nature.com/natureenergy; http://www.nature.com/natu… [cited by applicant]
Xu, Y., et al., “Self-Cleaning CO2 Reduction Systems: Unsteady Electrochemical Forcing Enables Stability,” ACS Energy Letters, 2021, 6, pp. 809-815. [cited by applicant]
Zhu, Wenlei et al., “Monodisperse Au Nanoparticles for Selective Electrocatalytic Reduction of CO2 to CO.Journal of the American Chemical Society,” 2013, 135, pp. 16833-16836. [cited by applicant]
AU Office Action dated Sep. 7, 2022, in Application No. AU2019210132. [cited by applicant]
IN Office Action dated Feb. 16, 2022, in Application No. IN202037034886. [cited by applicant]
International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Feb. 28, 2022, in Application No. PCT/US2021/044378. [cited by applicant]
Liew, F. et al., “Gas Fermentation—A Flexible Platform for Commercial Scale Production of Low-Carbon-Fuels and Chemicals from Waste and Renewable Feedstocks”, Frontiers in Microbiology, May 11, 2016, vol. 7, No. 694, pp… [cited by applicant]
Shi, L. et al., “A shorted membrane electrochemical cell powered by hydrogen to remove CO [cited by applicant]
U.S. Notice of Allowance dated Sep. 1, 2022 in U.S. Appl. No. 16/254,255. [cited by applicant]
US Non-Final Office Action dated Oct. 22, 2021, in U.S. Appl. No. 16/254,255. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Appl. No. 18/051,944, inventors Kuhl et al., filed on Nov. 2, 2022. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Appl. No. 18/052,845, inventors Flanders et al., filed on Nov. 4, 2022. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Appl. No. 18/062,459, inventors Cintron et al., filed on Dec. 6, 2022. [cited by applicant]
Voskian, S. et al., “Faradaic electro-swing reactive adsorption for CO [cited by applicant]
BR Office Action dated Nov. 28, 2022, in Application No. BR1120200149381 with English translation. [cited by applicant]
CN Office Action dated Jan. 4, 2023, in CN Application No. CN201980021305.1 with English translation. [cited by applicant]
International Preliminary Report on Patentability dated Feb. 16, 2023 in PCT Application No. PCT/US2021/044378. [cited by applicant]
JP Office Action dated Jan. 4, 2023, in Application No. JP2020-561577 with English translation. [cited by applicant]
International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Nov. 27, 2023 in PCT Application No. PCT/US2023/024184. [cited by applicant]
International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Sep. 21, 2023, in Application No. PCT/US2023/024371. [cited by applicant]
SA Office Action dated Sep. 26, 2023, in application No. SA522441684 with English Translation. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Corrected Notice of Allowance dated Sep. 20, 2023, in U.S. Appl. No. 18/328,581. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Non-Final Office Action dated Dec. 1, 2023 in U.S. Appl. No. 18/295,412. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Non-Final Office Action dated Nov. 15, 2023 in U.S. Appl. No. 18/324,929. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Non-Final Office Action dated Oct. 5, 2023, in U.S. Appl. No. 17/444,356. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Notice of Allowance dated Nov. 8, 2023 in U.S. Appl. No. 18/328,581. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Appl. No. 18/495,406, inventors Wu Y, et al., filed on Oct. 26, 2023. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Appl. No. 18/509,058, inventors Huo Z, et al., filed on Nov. 14, 2023. [cited by applicant]
JP Office Action dated Jan. 16, 2024 in JP Application No. 2023-507462 with English translation. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Appl. No. 18/437,574, inventor Stevic L., filed on Feb. 9, 2024. [cited by applicant]
Eisaman, M D., et al., CO [cited by applicant]
European Office Action dated Sep. 4, 2023 in Application No. EP19741371.9. [cited by applicant]
Ganji P., et al., “Toward Commercial Carbon Dioxide Electrolysis”, Advanced Sustainable Systems, Wiley, US, Jun. 9, 2020, vol. 4(8), 22 Pages. [cited by applicant]
Gurkan, B., et al., “Quinone Reduction in Ionic Liquids for Electrochemical CO 2 Separation,” ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, Jun. 5, 2015, vol. 3(7), pp. 1394-1405. [cited by applicant]
International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Jul. 20, 2023, in Application No. PCT/US2023/017576. [cited by applicant]
Jones J H., “The Cativa Process for the Manufacture Plant of Acetic Acid,” Platinum Metals, 2000, vol. 44(3), pp. 94-105. [cited by applicant]
Kalck, P., et al., “Recent Advances in the Methanol Carbonylation Reaction Into Acetic Acid,” Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 2020, vol. 402, 58 pages. [cited by applicant]
Kang, J S., et al., “Redox-responsive Sorbents and Mediators for Electrochemically Based Co [cited by applicant]
Kungas R., “Review—Electrochemical CO2 Reduction for CO Production: Comparison of Low- and High-Temperature Electrolysis Technologies,” Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 2020, vol. 167, 044508, 12 Pages. [cited by applicant]
Liu, Y., et al., “Electrochemically Mediated Carbon Dioxide Separation with Quinone Chemistry in Salt-concentrated Aqueous Media,” Nature Communications, May 8, 2020, vol. 11(1), pp. 1-11. [cited by applicant]
Qi J et al., “Selective Methanol Carbonylation to Acetic Acid on Heterogeneous Atomically Dispersed ReO4/SiO2 Catalysts,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2020, vol. 142(33), p. 14178-14189. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Non-Final Office Action dated Jan. 10, 2024 in U.S. Appl. No. 18/495,406. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Appl. No. 18/328,581, inventors Stevic L, et al., filed on Jun. 2, 2023. [cited by applicant]
Van Bavel, S., et al., “Integrating CO [cited by applicant]
Wallace, G G., et al., “Manipulating and Monitoring Biomolecular Interactions with Conducting Electroactive Polymers,” Advanced Materials, VCH Publishers, DE, Jul. 4, 2002, vol. 14(13-14), pp. 953-960. [cited by applicant]
Adabi, et al., “High-performing Commercial Fe—N—C Cathode Electrocatalyst for Anion-exchange Membrane Fuel Cells,”Nature Energy, 2021, pp. 1-10. [cited by applicant]
Balster, J. et al., “Tailoring the Interface Layer of the Bipolar Membrane”, Journal of Membrane Science, vol. 365, No. 1-2, Dec. 2010, pp. 389-398. [cited by applicant]
Chen, et al., “Poly(Alkyl-terphenyl Piperidinium) Ionomers and Membranes With an Outstanding Alkaline-membrane Fuel-cell Performance of 2.58 Wcm@2, ”Fuel Cells Hot Paper, 2021, vol. 60, pp. 7710-7718. [cited by applicant]
Chen, et al., “Poly(Fluorenyl Aryl Piperidinium) Membranes and Ionomers for Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells,” Nature Communications, 2021, vol. 12, pp. 1-12. [cited by applicant]
Digdaya, et al., “A Direct Coupled Electrochemical System for Capture and Conversion of Co2 From Oceanwater,” Nature Communications, 2020, vol. 11, pp. 1-10. [cited by applicant]
Fan, et al., “Poly(Bis-arylimidazoliums) Possessing High Hydroxide Ion Exchange Capacity and High Alkaline Stability,” Nature Communications, 2019, vol. 10, pp. 1-10. [cited by applicant]
Ge, et al., “Oxygen Reduction in Alkaline Media: From Mechanisms to Recent Advances of Catalysts,”ACS Catalysis, 2015, vol. 5, pp. 1-97. [cited by applicant]
Gerhardt, et al., “Along-the-channel Impacts Ofwater Management and Carbon-dioxide Contamination in Hydroxide-exchange-membrane Fuel Cells: a Modeling Study,” Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2019, vol. 166(7), p… [cited by applicant]
Gu, et al., “Electrochemical Energy Engineering: a New Frontier of Chemical Engineering Innovation,” Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 2014, vol. 5, pp. 429-454. [cited by applicant]
Hao, J.H. et al., “Preparation of Solvent-resistant Anion-exchange Membranes”, Desalination, Jun. 2000, vol. 129, No. 1, pp. 15-22. [cited by applicant]
Hassan, N., et al., “Achieving High-Performance and 2000 h Stability in Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells by Manipulating Ionomer Properties and Electrode Optimization,” Advanced Energy Materials, 2020, pp. 1-8. [cited by applicant]
Huang, et al., “Composite Poly(Norbornene) Anion Conducting Membranes for Achieving Durability, water Management and High Power 3.4 W/cm2) in Hydrogen/oxygen Alkaline Fuel Cells,”Journal of The Electrochemical Society, … [cited by applicant]
Inaba, et al., “Effects of Carbon Dioxide on the Performance of Anion-exchange Membrane Fuel Cells,”Electrochemistry, 2011, vol. 79(5), pp. 322-325. [cited by applicant]
International Preliminary Report on Patentability and Written opinion dated Jun. 9, 2022 in Application No. PCT/US2020/062080. [cited by applicant]
International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Feb. 23, 2022, in Application No. PCT/US2021/55902. [cited by applicant]
International Preliminary Report on Patentability dated May 4, 2023, in Application No. PCT/US2021/055900. [cited by applicant]
International Preliminary Report on Patentability dated May 4, 2023, in Application No. PCT/US2021/055902. [cited by applicant]
International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Apr. 10, 2023 in PCT Application No. PCT/US2022/079335. [cited by applicant]
International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Feb. 24, 2022, in Application No. PCT/US2021/055900. [cited by applicant]
International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Mar. 7, 2023 in PCT Application No. PCT/US2022/081034. [cited by applicant]
International Search Report and Written Opinion issued in PCT Application No. PCT/US2020/062080 on Mar. 16, 2021. [cited by applicant]
JP Office Action dated Jul. 11, 2023 in Application No. JP2023-507462 with English translation. [cited by applicant]
Keith, et al., “A Process for Capturing Co2 From the Atmosphere,”Cell Press, 2018, vol. 2, pp. 1573-1594. [cited by applicant]
Lu, et al., “Halloysite-derived Nitrogen Doped Carbon Electrocatalysts for Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells,”Journal of Power Sources, 2017, vol. 372, pp. 82-90. [cited by applicant]
Matz, et al., “Demonstration of Electrochemically-driven Co2 Separation Using Hydroxide Exchange Membranes,”Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2021, vol. 168, pp. 1-12. [cited by applicant]
Muroyama, et al., “Review—CO2 Separation and Transport via Electrochemical Methods,”Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2020, vol. 167, pp. 1-13. [cited by applicant]
Peng, et al., “Nitrogen-doped Carbon-coox Nanohybrids: a Precious Metal Free Cathode That Exceeds 1.0 Wcm@2 Peak Power and 100 H Life in Anion-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells,” Angewandte Chemie, 2019, vol. 58(4), pp. 1058… [cited by applicant]
Peng, et al., “Using Operando Techniques to Understand and Design High Performance and Stable Alkaline Membrane Fuel Cells,”Nature Communications, 2020, vol. 11, pp. 1-10. [cited by applicant]
Sharifian, et al., “Electrochemical Carbon Dioxide Capture to Close the Carbon Cycle,” Energy & Environmental Science, 2021, vol. 14, p. 781 814. [cited by applicant]
Shi, et al., “Editors' Choice—uncovering the Role of Alkaline Pretreatment for Hydroxide Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells,” Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2020, vol. 167, pp. 1-10. [cited by applicant]
Shi, X., et al., “Sorbents for the Direct Capture of Co2 From Ambient Air,” Angewandte Chemie, 2020, vol. 59(18), pp. 1-25. [cited by applicant]
Shu, Q., et al., “Electrochemical Regeneration of Spent Alkaline Absorbent from Direct Air Capture,” Environmental science & technology, 2020, vol. 54(14), pp. 8990-8998. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Final office Action dated Nov. 21, 2022 in U.S. Appl. No. 17/247,036. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Non-Final Office Action dated May 24, 2022, in U.S. Appl. No. 17/247,036. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Notice of Allowance dated Feb. 10, 2023 in U.S. Appl. No. 17/247,036. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Notice of Allowance dated Mar. 2, 2023 in U.S. Appl. No. 17/247,036. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Appl. No. 18/295,412, inventors Flanders et al., filed Apr. 4, 2023. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Appl. No. 18/300,380, inventors Ziyang Huo et al., filed Apr. 13, 2023. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Appl. No. 18/306,928, inventors Kendra P. Kuhl et al., filed Apr. 25, 2023. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Appl. No. 18/324,929, inventors Huo Ziyang et al., filed May 26, 2023. [cited by applicant]
U.S Restriction requirement dated Aug. 1, 2023 in U.S. Appl. No. 18/324,929. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Restriction requirement dated Jul. 28, 2023, in U.S. Appl. No. 17/451,630. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Restriction requirement dated Jun. 23, 2023, in U.S. Appl. No. 17/444,356. [cited by applicant]
Wang, et al., “Approaches for the preparation of non-linear amphiphilic polymers and their applications to drug delivery”, Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 2012, vol. 64, pp. 852-865. [cited by applicant]
Wang, L., et al., “A High Conductivity Ultrathin Anion-exchange Membrane With 500+ H Alkali Stability for Use in Alkaline Membrane Fuel Cells That Can Achieve 2 W Cm [cited by applicant]
Wang, L., “Radiation-grafted anion-exchange membranes: the switch from low- to high-density polyethylene leads to remarkably enhanced fuel cell performance,” Energy and Environmental Science, 2019, vol. 12, 1575-1579. [cited by applicant]
Wang, Y., et al., “Synergistic Mn—Co Catalyst Outperforms Pt on High-rate Oxygen Reduction for Alkaline Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells,” Nature Communications, 2019, vol. 10(1), pp. 1-8. [cited by applicant]
Woo, J., et al., “Promoting Oxygen Reduction Reaction Activity of Fe—N/C Electrocatalysts by Silica-Coating-Mediated Synthesis for Anion-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells,” Chemistry of Materials, 2018, vol. 30, pp. 6684-670… [cited by applicant]
Wurzbacher, J., et al., “Concurrent Separation of Co2 and H2o From Air by a Temperature-vacuum Swing Adsorption/desorption Cycle,” Environmental science & technology, 2012, vol. 46(16), pp. 9191-9198. [cited by applicant]
Xin, L., et al., Carbon Supported Ag Nanoparticles as High Performance Cathode Catalyst for H2/O2 anion exchange membrane fuel cell, Frontiers in Chemistry, 2013, vol. 1(16), pp. 1-5. [cited by applicant]
Xu, C. et al., Preparation of PVA-GA-CS/PVA-Fe-SA Bipolar Membrane and Its Application in Electro-generation of 2,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxypropionic Acid, Journal of Membrane Science, vol. 307, No. 2, Jan. 2008, pp. 218-224. [cited by applicant]
Yang, B. et al., “Preparation of a Bipolar Membrane by Photografting Polymerization”, Frontiers of Chemistry in China, vol. 3, No. 1, Jan. 2008, pp. 10-13. [cited by applicant]
Zhan, et al., “Multiarm Star Poly(epsilon-caprolactone) with Hyperbranched Polyamidoamine as Core Capable of Selective Accommodating Cationic or Anionic Guests”, Chinese Journal of Polymer Science, 2015. vol. 33, No. 6,… [cited by applicant]
Zhang, J., et al., “Recent Insights on Catalyst Layers for Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells,” Advanced Science, 2021, vol. 8(15), pp. 1-26. [cited by applicant]
Zheng, et al., “Hyperbranched polymers: advances from synthesis to applications”, Chemical Society Reviews, 2015, vol. 44, pp. 4091-4130. [cited by applicant]
Zheng, et al., “Editors' Choice—power-generating Electrochemical Co2 Scrubbing From Air Enabling Practical Aemfc Application,” Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2012, vol. 168, pp. 1-8. [cited by applicant]
Zheng, Y., et al., Quantifying and Elucidating the Effect of Co2 On the Thermodynamics, Kinetics and Charge Transport of AEMFC, Energy and Environmental Science, 2019, vol. 12, pp. 1-14. [cited by applicant]
KR Office Action dated Nov. 7, 2023 in KR Application No. 10-2020-7024266, with English Translation. [cited by applicant]
International Preliminary Report on Patentability and Written Opinion dated Jun. 20, 2024 in PCT Application No. PCT/US2022/081034. [cited by applicant]
International Preliminary Report on Patentability and Written Opinion dated Jun. 20, 2024 in PCT Application No. PCT/US2022/081209. [cited by applicant]
International Preliminary Report on Patentability and Written Opinion dated May 16, 2024 in PCT Application No. PCT/US2022/079335. [cited by applicant]
International Search Report and Written Opinion dated May 6, 2024 in PCT Application No. PCT/US2022/081209. [cited by applicant]
International Search Report and Written Opinion dated May 29, 2024 in PCT Application No. PCT/US2023/077221. [cited by applicant]
Pappijn, C., et al., “Challenges and Opportunities of Carbon Capture and Utilization: Electrochemical Conversion of CO2 to Ethylene,” Original research, 2020, vol. 8, pp. 1-12. [cited by applicant]
Sturman, M., et al., “Process Parameters in the Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide to Ethylene,” ChemBioEng, 2021, vol. 8(3), pp. 1-41. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Final Office Action dated Apr. 24, 2024 in U.S. Appl. No. 18/324,929. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Final Office Action dated Jun. 5, 2024 in U.S. Appl. No. 17/444,356. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Non-Final Office Action dated Jun. 17, 2024 in U.S. Appl. No. 18/623,555. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Appl. No. 18/623,555, inventor Cintron E, filed Apr. 1, 2024. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Appl. No. 18/636,022, inventors Flanders N.H, etal., filed Apr. 15, 2024. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Restriction requirement dated Jul. 18, 2024, in U.S. Appl. No. 18/295,412. [cited by applicant]
Hu L., et al., “A Scalable Membrane Electrode Assembly Architecture for Efficient Electrochemical Conversion of CO2 to Formic Acid,” Nature Communications, 2023, vol. 14 (7605), pp. 1-11. [cited by applicant]
Hu L., et al., “A Scalable Membrane Electrode Assembly Architecture for Efficient Electrochemical Conversion of CO [cited by applicant]
International Preliminary Report on Patentability and Written Opinion dated Oct. 17, 2024 in PCT Application No. PCT/US2023/017576. [cited by applicant]
International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Jul. 8, 2024 in PCT Application No. PCT/US2024/022685. [cited by applicant]
International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Oct. 9, 2024, (Applicant first notified on Oct. 2, 2024) for Application No. PCT/US2024/024559. [cited by applicant]
JP Office Action dated Sep. 17, 2024 in JP Application No. 2023-507462 with English translation. [cited by applicant]
KR Office Action dated Aug. 20, 2024 in KR Application No. 10-2020-7024266 with English translation. [cited by applicant]
Lyons W., et al., “Standard Handbook of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering”, Ideal Gas Laws, 3rd Edition, 2016, vol. 2, pp. 148-149. [cited by applicant]
Cited By (1)
US 12,577,690