Hermetic vial for quantum transitions detection in electronic devices applications
A physics cell includes a sealed glass vial that contains a high-purity dipolar gas (e.g., OCS) at a low pressure (e.g., between about 0.01 millibar and 0.2 millibar). The vial can be sealed using a laser cutting process that involves only local heating of the vial that does not denature the bulk of the contained gas. One or more electromagnetically translucent windows or vial-end access points provide access to electromagnetic waves launched or received by one or more electromagnetic antennas at a frequency that is adjusted to match the quantum transition frequency of the gas based on a detected maximum absorption frequency. The glass-vial physics cell can be fabricated at lower cost than physics cells fabricated from bonded wafers. Multiple vials can be joined by a waveguide in an enclosure so that launch and receive antennas can be provided at a single end of the vials.
1. An apparatus comprising:
a container made of a same material, the container being sealed and enclosing a dipolar gas and including an electromagnetic (EM) reflective coating, the EM reflective coating including an opening that allows an EM signal to propagate into or out of the container; and
an antenna at the opening.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the container is configured to support a mono-mode of propagation of the EM signal at a frequency of a quantum transition of the dipolar gas.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the material includes borosilicate.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein a pressure of the dipolar gas in the container is between 0.01 millibar and 0.2 millibar.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the container has two straight portions and a bent portion coupled between the two straight portions.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the container is hermetically sealed.
7. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the EM reflective coating is on an interior surface or on an exterior surface of the container.
8. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the antenna includes a millimeter-wave antenna.
9. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the container has a cross-sectional shape of at least one of: a square, a rectangle, a rounded rectangle, an oval, an ellipse, or a circle.
10. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the dipolar gas includes at least one of: water vapor (H 2 O), acetonitrile (CH 3 CN), cyanoacetylene (HC 3 N), ammonia (NH 3 ), carbonyl sulfide (OCS), hydrogen cyanide (HCN), or hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S).
11. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein:
the opening is a first opening, and the EM reflective coating has a second opening;
the antenna is a first antenna;
the apparatus further includes a second antenna at the second opening.
12. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein:
the container is a first container, the dipolar gas is a first dipolar gas, the EM reflective coating is a first EM reflective coating, the opening is a first opening, and the antenna is a first antenna; and
the apparatus further comprises:
a second container enclosing a second dipolar gas, the second container being sealed and including a second EM reflective coating, the second EM reflective coating including a second opening that allows the EM signal to propagate into or out of the second container;
a second antenna at the second opening; and
a waveguide coupled between the first and second container.
13. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the container has a form of a vial.
14. A system comprising:
a container made of a same material, the container being sealed and enclosing a dipolar gas including an electromagnetic (EM) reflective coating, the EM reflective coating including an opening that allows an EM signal to propagate into or out of the container;
an antenna at the opening and configured to transmit or receive the EM signal that propagates through the dipolar gas in the container; and
circuitry coupled to the antenna and configured to set a frequency of the EM signal to a quantum transition frequency of the dipolar gas.
15. The system of claim 14 , wherein the container has two straight portions and a bent portion coupled between the two straight portions.
16. The system of claim 14 , wherein the container is configured to support a mono-mode of propagation of the EM signal at the quantum transition frequency of the dipolar gas.
17. The system of claim 14 , wherein:
the opening is a first opening, and the EM reflective coating has a second opening;
the antenna is a first antenna;
the system further includes a second antenna coupled to the circuitry and the container, and the second antenna is at the second opening.
18. The system of claim 14 , wherein:
the container is a first container, the dipolar gas is a first dipolar gas, the EM reflective coating is a first EM reflective coating, the opening is a first opening, and the antenna is a first antenna; and
the system further comprises:
a second container enclosing a second dipolar gas, the second container being sealed, the second container including a second EM reflective coating, the second EM reflective coating including a second opening that allows the EM signal to propagate into or out of the second container;
a second antenna at the second opening, the second antenna coupled to the circuitry and the second container; and
a waveguide coupled between the first and second containers.
19. The system of claim 14 , wherein the container is hermetically sealed.
20. The system of claim 14 , wherein the material includes borosilicate.
21. The system of claim 14 . wherein a wall of the container has a thickness between 50 micrometers to 250 micrometers, and a pressure of the dipolar gas in the container is between 0.01 millibar and 0.2 millibar.
22. The system of claim 14 , wherein the EM reflective coating is on an interior surface or on an exterior surface of the container.