Auto-braking for an electromagnetic machine
Systems and methods are provided for braking a translator of a linear multiphase electromagnetic machine. The system detects a fault event, and in response to detecting the fault event, causes the translator to brake using an electromagnetic technique. Braking includes causing the translator to stop reciprocating, by applying a force opposing an axial motion, which may occur within one cycle, or over many cycles. The fault event may include, for example, a fault associated with an encoder, a controller, an electrical component, a communications link, a phase, or a subsystem. The system includes a power electronics system configured to apply current to the phases. The system may use position information, current information, operating parameters, or a combination thereof to brake. Alternatively, the system need not use position information, current information, and operating parameters, and may brake the translator independent of such information.
1. A method for operating a linear multiphase electromagnetic machine (LMEM), the method comprising:
causing, using control circuitry, power electronics to apply a plurality of phase currents to a plurality of phases of the LMEM to cause a translator of the LMEM to achieve a first trajectory, wherein the first trajectory corresponds to an operating mode of the LMEM;
receiving an indication, by the control circuitry, in response to an occurrence of an event;
causing, using the control circuitry, in response to receiving the indication, the translator to achieve a second trajectory comprising:
a reduced peak velocity of the translator as compared to the first trajectory, and
at least one reduced apex position of the translator as compared to the first trajectory, wherein the at least one reduced apex position corresponds to a distance between the at least one reduced apex position and a mid-stroke position that is smaller than a distance between an apex position achieved via the first trajectory and the mid-stroke position.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein causing the translator to achieve the second trajectory comprises:
determining a second plurality of phase currents corresponding to the plurality of phases of the LMEM; and
causing power electronics to apply the second plurality of phase currents to the plurality of phases to achieve the second trajectory of a translator.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second trajectory causes a reduced stroke length as compared to the first trajectory based at least in part on the at least one reduced apex position.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein causing the translator to achieve the second trajectory comprises:
determining a polarity indicative of an electromotive force (emf) in at least one phase of the plurality of phases caused by a motion of the translator; and
in response to detecting the event, causing, based on the polarity, a current to be applied to a respective phase of the at least one phase to cause a force acting on the translator that opposes an axial motion of the translator to cause the translator to achieve the second trajectory.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein causing the translator to achieve the second trajectory further comprises the translator achieving the second trajectory over a number of cycles, and wherein the reduced velocity is zero such that the translator is fully-stopped.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein causing the translator to achieve the second trajectory comprises causing the power electronics system to apply to at least one phase of the plurality of phases a respective current configured to generate an eddy current in at least one conductive section of the translator, wherein the eddy current generates a force that opposes an axial motion of the translator to cause the translator to achieve the second trajectory.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein:
each phase of the plurality of phases are coupled to a respective bridge circuit comprising respective switches; and
causing the translator to achieve the second trajectory comprises applying braking signals to respective switches of at least one respective bridge circuit.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the event is selected from at least one of:
an event associated with a controller;
an event associated with an encoder;
an event associated with a switch coupled to a phase of the plurality of phases;
an event associated with a grid-tie inverter;
an event associated with a shorted phase of the plurality of phases;
an event associated with communication between one or more control subsystems; or
an event associated with an operating parameter value of the LEM.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein causing the translator to achieve the second trajectory to occur is independent of position information of the translator.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein causing the translator to achieve the second trajectory to occur is independent of phase current information of each phase of the plurality of phases.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the event comprises at least one of a loss in voltage based on a fault associated with an energy storage device, a loss in control of a conductor based on a fault associated with an energy storage device, or loss of function of an energy storage device monitored by the control circuitry.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second trajectory comprises a braking effect that causes the translator to brake by at least one of the reduced peak velocity of the translator or the at least one reduced apex position of the translator.
13. A linear generator comprising:
a linear multiphase electromagnetic machine (LMEM) comprising:
a translator, and
a stator comprising a plurality of phases;
control circuitry coupled to the LMEM and a DC bus, wherein the control circuitry is configured to:
receive an indication in response to an occurrence of an event;
cause, in response to receiving the indication, a braking process to occur by achieving a second trajectory of the translator, wherein the second trajectory comprises:
a reduced peak velocity of the translator as compared to a first trajectory, and
at least one reduced apex position of the translator as compared to the first trajectory, wherein the at least one reduced apex position corresponds to a distance between the at least one reduced apex position and a mid-stroke position that is smaller than a distance between an apex position achieved via the first trajectory and the mid-stroke position.
14. The linear generator of claim 13 , wherein the control circuitry configured to cause the translator to achieve the second trajectory is further configured to:
determine a second plurality of phase currents corresponding to the plurality of phases of the LMEM; and
cause power electronics to apply the second plurality of phase currents to the plurality of phases to achieve the second trajectory of a translator.
15. The linear generator of claim 13 , wherein the second trajectory causes a reduced stroke length as compared to the first trajectory based at least in part on the at least one reduced apex position.
16. The linear generator of claim 13 , wherein the control circuitry configured to cause the translator to achieve the second trajectory is further configured to:
determine a polarity indicative of an electromotive force (emf) in at least one phase of the plurality of phases caused by a motion of the translator; and
in response to detecting the event, cause, based on the polarity, a current to be applied to a respective phase of the at least one phase to cause a force acting on the translator that opposes an axial motion of the translator to cause the translator to achieve the second trajectory.
17. The linear generator of claim 13 , wherein the control circuitry configured to cause the translator to achieve the second trajectory is further configured to cause the translator to achieve the second trajectory over a number of cycles, and wherein the reduced velocity is zero such that the translator is fully-stopped.
18. The linear generator of claim 13 , wherein the control circuitry configured to cause the translator to achieve the second trajectory is further configured to cause the power electronics system to apply to at least one phase of the plurality of phases a respective current configured to generate an eddy current in at least one conductive section of the translator, wherein the eddy current generates a force that opposes an axial motion of the translator to cause the translator to achieve the second trajectory.
19. The linear generator of claim 13 , wherein the event comprises at least one of:
an event associated with a controller;
an event associated with an encoder;
an event associated with a switch coupled to a phase of the plurality of phases;
an event associated with a grid-tie inverter;
an event associated with a shorted phase of the plurality of phases;
an event associated with communication between one or more control subsystems; or
an event associated with an operating parameter value of the LEM.
20. The linear generator of claim 13 , wherein the control circuitry configured to cause the translator to achieve the second trajectory independent of phase current information of each phase of the plurality of phases.
21. The linear generator of claim 13 , wherein the event comprises at least one of a loss in voltage based on a fault associated with an energy storage device, a loss in control of a conductor based on a fault associated with an energy storage device, and loss of function of an energy storage device monitored by the control circuitry.
22. A non-transitory computer readable medium comprising non-transitory computer readable instructions which, when processed by control circuitry, cause the control circuitry to:
receiving an indication, by the control circuitry, in response to an occurrence of an event;
causing, using the control circuitry, in response to receiving the indication, the translator to achieve a second trajectory comprising:
a reduced peak velocity of the translator as compared to the first trajectory, and
at least one reduced apex position of the translator as compared to the first trajectory,
wherein the at least one reduced apex position corresponds to a distance between the at least one reduced apex position and a mid-stroke position that is smaller than a distance between an apex position achieved via the first trajectory and the mid-stroke position.
23. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 22 , wherein instructions that cause the control circuitry to cause the translator to achieve the second trajectory is further configured to:
determine a second plurality of phase currents corresponding to the plurality of phases of the LMEM; and
cause power electronics to apply the second plurality of phase currents to the plurality of phases to achieve the second trajectory of a translator.
24. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 22 , wherein the second trajectory causes a reduced stroke length as compared to the first trajectory based at least in part on the at least one reduced apex position.
25. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 22 , wherein the second trajectory causes the translator to brake by at least one of the reduced peak velocity of the translator or the at least one reduced apex position of the translator.
26. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 22 , wherein the instructions configured to the control circuitry to cause the translator to achieve the second trajectory is further configured to:
determine a polarity indicative of an electromotive force (emf) in at least one phase of the plurality of phases caused by a motion of the translator; and
in response to detecting the event, cause, based on the polarity, a current to be applied to a respective phase of the at least one phase to cause a force acting on the translator that opposes an axial motion of the translator to cause the translator to achieve the second trajectory.
27. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 22 , wherein the instructions configured to cause the control circuitry to cause the translator to achieve the second trajectory is further configured to cause the translator to achieve the second trajectory over a number of cycles, and wherein the reduced velocity is zero such that the translator is fully-stopped.
28. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 22 , wherein the control circuitry configured to cause the translator to achieve the second trajectory is further configured to cause the power electronics system to apply to at least one phase of the plurality of phases a respective current configured to generate an eddy current in at least one conductive section of the translator, wherein the eddy current generates a force that opposes an axial motion of the translator to cause the translator to achieve the second trajectory.
29. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 22 , wherein the event comprises at least one of:
an event associated with a controller;
an event associated with an encoder;
an event associated with a switch coupled to a phase of the plurality of phases;
an event associated with a grid-tie inverter;
an event associated with a shorted phase of the plurality of phases;
an event associated with communication between one or more control subsystems; or
an event associated with an operating parameter value of the LEM.
30. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 22 , wherein the event comprises at least one of a loss in voltage based on a fault associated with an energy storage device, a loss in control of a conductor based on a fault associated with an energy storage device, and loss of function of an energy storage device monitored by the control circuitry.