Lead-free piezo composites and methods of making thereof
Methods of producing lead-free piezoelectric composites are described. The method can include adding a lead-free piezoelectric additive to a solution that includes a solvent and polymer solubilized therein. The solvent can have i) a boiling point ≥80° C. at 0.1 MPa and ii) a solubility in water of ≥0.1 g/g and/or a dielectric constant ≥20. The solvent can be removed to form a polymeric matrix having the lead-free piezoelectric particles dispersed therein. Electrical treatment of the polymeric matrix can form the piezoelectric component. Lead-free piezoelectric composites and devices that include the lead-free piezoelectric composites are also described.
1. A method of producing a lead-free piezoelectric composite, the method comprising:
(a) adding lead-free piezoelectric particles having an average particle size of 200 nm to 1000 nm in a solution comprising a PVDF terpolymer and a solvent having a boiling point ≥80° C. at 0.1 MPa and a solubility in water of ≥0.1 g/g to form a dispersion or suspension;
(b) forming a polymeric matrix having the lead-free piezoelectric particles dispersed therein; and
(c) subjecting the polymeric matrix having the lead-free piezoelectric particles dispersed therein to an electric polarization treatment.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the lead-free piezoelectric particles comprise barium titanate, particles of hydroxyapatite, particles of apatite, particles of lithium sulfate monohydrate, particles of sodium potassium niobate, particles of quartz, or combinations thereof.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the lead-free piezoelectric particles are barium titanate particles.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the solvent is methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), or combinations thereof.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein a volume percentage of piezoelectric particles in the composite is from 15 to 65 vol. %.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the piezoelectric particles have a particle size of 250 to 350 nm.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein step (a) comprising solubilizing the polymeric material in the solvent at a temperature of 15 to 100° C. to produce a solution comprising 5 to 20 wt./vol % of polymer.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein forming the polymeric matrix comprises:
(i) casting the dispersion on a substrate to form the polymeric matrix;
(ii) drying the polymeric matrix at 25 to 45° C.; and
(iii) annealing the dried polymeric matrix at a temperature of 80 to 150° C. for 1 to 50 hours.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein inducing an electric polarization comprises applying a poling field using corona discharge.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the PVDF terpolymer is poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene-chlorofluoroethylene) (PVDF-TrFE-CFE).
11. A lead-free piezoelectric polymeric composite comprising a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) based polymer matrix and lead-free piezoelectric particles having an average particle size of 200 to 1000 nm dispersed in the polymeric matrix, wherein the piezoelectric composite has a piezoelectric strain constant (d 33 ) of at least 40 pC/N and an elongation break of 30 to 500%.
12. The lead-free piezoelectric polymeric composite of claim 11 , wherein the PVDF terpolymer is poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene-chlorofluoroethylene) (PVDF-TrFE-CFE) and the lead-free piezoelectric particles are barium titanate particles having an average particle size of 250 to 350 nm.
13. A piezoelectric device comprising the lead-free piezoelectric polymeric composite of claim 11 , wherein the device is a piezoelectric sensor, a piezoelectric transducer, or a piezoelectric actuator, and wherein the device is mechanically flexible.