Additive for liquid fuels, fuel compositions based on the additive, and methods of manufacture
A nanostructure includes a plurality of substantially spherically curved carbon layers having diameters in a range of 1 nanometer to 1000 nanometers and a plurality of halogen atoms attached to an outer convex side of the carbon layers. A composition of matter includes a liquid fuel and an additive including at least one liquid and a plurality of carbon nano-onions. A method of fabricating an additive for liquid fuel includes creating a carbon-based material using a plasma in an environment including at least one hydrocarbon gas and/or at least one liquid containing hydrocarbons, organometallic metal-complex, and/or element-organic compounds, evaporating organic material from the carbon-based material, halogenating the carbon-based material, and extracting carbon nano-onions from the halogenated carbon-based material.
1. A composition of matter comprising:
a liquid fuel; and
an additive comprising at least one liquid and a plurality of multi-layer carbon-based nanoparticles having sp 2 carbon bonds and sp 3 carbon bonds, the plurality of multi-layer carbon-based nanoparticles comprising:
a plurality of halogen atoms per multi-layer carbon-based nanoparticle, the plurality of halogen atoms attached to an outer convex side of the multi-layer carbon-based nanoparticle; and
at least one non-carbon and non-halogen atom per multi-layer carbon-based nanoparticle, the at least one non-carbon and non-halogen atom between adjacent layers of the multi-layer carbon-based nanoparticle.
2. The composition of matter of claim 1 , wherein at least some of the multi-layer carbon-based nanoparticles have at least one non-carbon and non-halogen atom that is within a region at least partially bounded by an inner concave side of the multi-layer carbon-based nanoparticle.
3. The composition of matter of claim 1 , wherein at least some of the multi-layer carbon-based nanoparticles have at least one non-carbon and non-halogen atom that is attached to the outer convex side of the multi-layer carbon-based nanoparticle.
4. The composition of matter of claim 1 , wherein the composition of matter has a weight percentage of the plurality of multi-layer carbon-based nanoparticles in a range of 0.0001% to 5%.
5. The composition of matter of claim 1 , wherein the liquid fuel is selected from the group consisting of: hydrocarbon fuel, diesel fuel, bioethanol fuel, biodiesel fuel, methyl-tert-butyl ether, ethyl-tert-butyl ether, gasoline, ethanol, ground transport fuel, airplane fuel, rail transport fuel, marine transport fuel, rocket fuel, and combinations thereof.
6. The composition of matter of claim 1 , wherein at least some of the multi-layer carbon-based nanoparticles comprise at least one of the group consisting of: nested fullerenes; multi-layer fullerenes; carbon nanosphere balls; carbon beads; carbon black; mesoporous beads; and carbon nano-onions.
7. The composition of matter of claim 1 , wherein at least some of the multi-layer carbon-based nanoparticles comprise at least one of the group consisting of: layered structures that are not perfectly spherical; concentric carbon layers; non-concentric carbon layers; amorphous nanostructure; solid spherules with irregular shape; and turbostratic carbon.
8. The composition of matter of claim 1 , wherein at least some of the multi-layer carbon-based nanoparticles comprise layers that are not locked together.
9. The composition of matter of claim 1 , wherein the at least one liquid of the additive is selected from the group consisting of: methanol, ethanol, propanol, benzene, gasoline, toluene, heptane, decane, hexane, bromoethane, bromobenzene, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, ethers, solvents, alcohols, ketones, and organic amines and amides.
10. A composition of matter comprising:
a liquid fuel; and
an additive comprising at least one liquid and a plurality of multi-layer carbon-based nanoparticles having sp 2 carbon bonds and sp 3 carbon bonds.
11. The composition of matter of claim 10 , wherein the plurality of multi-layer carbon-based nanoparticles are formed using a plasma generated by AC source electrical energy having voltage in a range of 2 kV to 100 kV, current in a range of 1 mA to 2 A, and a frequency in a range of 2 kHz to 200 kHz applied to at least one hydrocarbon gas and/or at least one liquid comprising hydrocarbons in a reactor chamber.
12. The composition of matter of claim 10 , wherein the weight percentage of the plurality of multi-layer carbon-based nanoparticles is in a range of 0.0001% to 5%.
13. The composition of matter of claim 10 , wherein the liquid fuel is selected from the group consisting of: hydrocarbon fuel, diesel fuel, bioethanol fuel, biodiesel fuel, methyl-tert-butyl ether, ethyl-tert-butyl ether, gasoline, ethanol, ground transport fuel, airplane fuel, rail transport fuel, marine transport fuel, rocket fuel, and combinations thereof.
14. The composition of matter of claim 10 , wherein the at least one liquid of the additive is selected from the group consisting of: methanol, ethanol, propanol, benzene, gasoline, toluene, heptane, decane, hexane, bromoethane, bromobenzene, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, ethers, solvents, alcohols, ketones, and organic amines and amides.
15. The composition of matter of claim 10 , wherein at least some of the plurality of multi-layer carbon-based nanoparticles comprise at least one of the group consisting of: nested fullerenes; multilayer fullerenes; carbon nanosphere balls; carbon beads; carbon black; mesoporous beads; layered structure that are not perfectly spherical; concentric carbon layers; non-concentric carbon layers; amorphous nanostructure; solid spherules with irregular shapes; layers that are not locked together; turbostratic carbon.
16. The composition of matter of claim 10 , wherein the plurality of multi-layer carbon-based nanoparticles comprises a plurality of halogen atoms per multi-layer carbon-based nanoparticle, the plurality of halogen atoms attached to an outer convex side of the multi-layer carbon-based nanoparticle.
17. The composition of matter of claim 16 , wherein the plurality of halogen atoms is selected from the group consisting of: chlorine, fluorine, bromine, and iodine.
18. The composition of matter of claim 10 , wherein the plurality of multi-layer carbon-based nanoparticles comprises at least one non-carbon atom per multi-layer carbon-based nanoparticle.
19. The composition of matter of claim 18 , wherein the at least one non-carbon atom is between adjacent layers of the multi-layer carbon-based nanoparticle.
20. The composition of matter of claim 18 , wherein the at least one non-carbon atom is within a region at least partially bounded by an inner concave side of the multi-layer carbon-based nanoparticle.
21. The composition of matter of claim 18 , wherein the at least one non-carbon atom is attached to an outer convex side of the multi-layer carbon-based nanoparticle.
22. The composition of matter of claim 18 , wherein the at least one non-carbon atom comprises iron and the nanostructure has a weight percentage of iron in a range of 2% to 30%.