Additive for liquid fuels, fuel compositions based on the additive, and methods of manufacture
A nanostructure includes a plurality of substantially spherically curved carbon layers having diameters in a range of 1 nanometer to 1000 nanometers and a plurality of halogen atoms attached to an outer convex side of the carbon layers. A composition of matter includes a liquid fuel and an additive including at least one liquid and a plurality of carbon nano-onions. A method of fabricating an additive for liquid fuel includes creating a carbon-based material using a plasma in an environment including at least one hydrocarbon gas and/or at least one liquid containing hydrocarbons, organometallic metal-complex, and/or element-organic compounds, evaporating organic material from the carbon-based material, halogenating the carbon-based material, and extracting carbon nano-onions from the halogenated carbon-based material.
1. A method of fabricating an additive for liquid fuel, the method comprising:
creating a carbon-based material using a plasma generated by kilohertz-range, high voltage, pulsed electrical discharges in an environment comprising at least one hydrocarbon gas and/or at least one liquid containing hydrocarbons, organometallic metal-complex, and/or element-organic compounds;
evaporating organic material from the carbon-based material;
halogenating the carbon-based material; and
extracting carbon nano-onions from the halogenated carbon-based material.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the plasma comprises a non-equilibrium plasma.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the high-voltage pulsed electrical discharges are produced using an alternating current source with a voltage in a range of 2 kV to 100 kV, a current in a range of 1 mA to 2 A, and a pulse repetition frequency in a range of 2 kHz to 200 kHz.
4. A method comprising:
generating a non-equilibrium plasma within a reactor chamber using high-voltage pulsed electrical discharges between electrodes connected to an alternating current source with a voltage in a range of 2 kV to 100 kV, a current in a range of 1 mA to 2 A, and a pulse repetition frequency in a range of 2 kHz to 200 kHz;
applying the non-equilibrium plasma to a substance within the reactor chamber to create a material containing a plurality of multi-layer carbon-based nanoparticles, the substance comprising at least one carbon-containing gas and/or at least one liquid containing hydrocarbons and/or an organometallic, metal-complex compound and/or at least one element-organic compound.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the at least one carbon-containing gas comprises at least one hydrocarbon gas is selected from the group consisting of: methane, ethane, propane, butane, propene, ethylene, tetrafluoromethane, and tetrafluoroethane.
6. The method of claim 4 , wherein the at least one carbon-containing gas is supplied to the reactor chamber at a temperature in a range of 5 degrees Celsius to 120 degrees Celsius with a pressure in a range of 75 kPa to 250 kPa.
7. The method of claim 4 , wherein the at least one liquid is selected from the group consisting of: benzene; gasoline; Kalosha gasoline; hexal; heptane; bromoethane; bromobenzene.
8. The method of claim 4 , wherein the at least one liquid is selected from group consisting of: aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons; ethers; alcohols; ketones; organic amines and amides.
9. The method of claim 4 , wherein the at least one organometallic compound is dissolved in the at least one liquid, the at least one organometallic compound having a weight percentage in solution in a range of 0.5% to 50%.
10. The method of claim 4 , wherein the at least one liquid contains ferrocene dissolved in benzene, the ferrocene having a weight percentage in solution in a range of 1% to 20%.
11. The method of claim 4 , further comprising:
creating a mixture of the material containing the plurality of multi-layer carbon-based nanoparticles with a solvent; and
extracting the plurality of multi-layer carbon-based nanoparticles from the mixture.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein said extracting the plurality of multi-layer carbon-based nanoparticles comprises using at least one filter with a pore diameter less than 450 nanometers.
13. The method of claim 4 , further comprising:
creating a mixture of the material containing the plurality of multi-layer carbon-based nanoparticles with at least one liquid comprising hydrocarbons; and
extracting a carbon-based additive for a liquid fuel from the mixture.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein said extracting the carbon-based additive comprises using at least one filter with a pore diameter less than 450 nanometers.
15. The method of claim 4 , further comprising:
evaporating organic material from the material containing the plurality of multi-layer carbon-based nanoparticles;
halogenating the material containing the plurality of multi-layer carbon-based nanoparticles; and
extracting a carbon-based additive for a liquid fuel from the halogenated material containing the plurality of multi-layer carbon-based nanoparticles.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein said evaporating organic material from the material containing the plurality of multi-layer carbon-based nanoparticles comprises heating the material containing the plurality of multi-layer carbon-based nanoparticles to a temperature in a range of 50 to 300 degrees Celsius at atmospheric pressure.
17. The method of claim 15 , wherein said halogenating the material containing the plurality of multi-layer carbon-based nanoparticles comprises:
exposing the material containing the plurality of multi-layer carbon-based nanoparticles to liquid bromine;
heating the liquid-bromine-exposed material containing the plurality of multi-layer carbon-based nanoparticles for a time period in a range of 10 to 80 hours; and
evaporating excess bromine from the liquid-bromine-exposed material containing the plurality of multi-layer carbon-based nanoparticles by heating the liquid-bromine-exposed material containing the plurality of multi-layer carbon-based nanoparticles at a temperature in a range of 20 to 120 degrees Celsius at vacuum pressure.
18. The method of claim 15 , wherein said extracting the carbon-based additive for a liquid fuel from the halogenated material containing the plurality of multi-layer carbon-based nanoparticles comprises:
evaporating excess halogen-containing material from the material containing the plurality of multi-layer carbon-based nanoparticles;
creating a mixture of the halogenated material containing the plurality of multi-layer carbon-based nanoparticles with a solvent; and
filtering out the carbon-based additive for the liquid fuel from the mixture using at least one filter with pore diameters less than 450 nanometers.
19. The method of claim 4 , wherein the electrodes comprise at least one first electrode and at least one second electrode, the at least one first electrode configured to be controllably moved relative to the at least one second electrode.
20. A method comprising:
generating a non-equilibrium plasma within a reactor chamber using high-voltage pulsed electrical discharges between electrodes connected to an alternating current source with a voltage in a range of 2 kV to 100 kV, a current in a range of 1 mA to 2 A, and a pulse repetition frequency in a range of 2 kHz to 200 kHz; and
applying the non-equilibrium plasma to a substance within the reactor chamber to create a material containing a plurality of multi-layer carbon-based nanoparticles, the substance comprising at least one carbon-containing gas and/or at least one liquid containing hydrocarbons.
21. The method of claim 20 , wherein the at least one carbon-containing gas comprises at least one hydrocarbon gas is selected from the group consisting of: methane, ethane, propane, butane, propene, ethylene, tetrafluoromethane, and tetrafluoroethane.
22. The method of claim 20 , wherein the at least one liquid is selected from the group consisting of: benzene; gasoline; Kalosha gasoline; hexal; heptane; bromoethane; bromobenzene.
23. The method of claim 20 , further comprising:
creating a mixture of the material containing the plurality of multi-layer carbon-based nanoparticles with a solvent; and
extracting the plurality of multi-layer carbon-based nanoparticles from the mixture.
24. The method of claim 20 , further comprising:
evaporating organic material from the material containing the plurality of multi-layer carbon-based nanoparticles;
halogenating the material containing the plurality of multi-layer carbon-based nanoparticles; and
extracting a carbon-based additive for a liquid fuel from the halogenated material containing the plurality of multi-layer carbon-based nanoparticles.