Coercivity-enhanced iron nitride nanoparticles with high saturation magnetization
Iron nitride nanoparticles and magnet materials made from iron nitride nanoparticles are described. The iron nitride nanoparticles have a core and a shell morphology. The shell is configured to provide a means to nitride the core. The magnetic materials are characterized as having an Msat greater than about 160 emu/g and a coercivity greater than about 700 Oe.
1. A plurality of iron-nitride nanoparticles, comprising:
a. an iron-based core, the iron-based core comprising 50% or more of α″-Fe 16 N 2 phase in weight; and
b. a thin material adjacently disposed on the iron-based core, wherein the thin material has an average thickness of 1 to 5 nm, wherein the thin material is characterized as a ductile metal;
wherein the nanoparticles are characterized with X-Ray diffraction using an X-Ray source with a Cu target configured to emit monochromatic Cu-Kα X-rays, the X-Ray diffraction giving rise to diffraction peaks wherein the ratio of the integrated intensity of the α-Fe (211) peak (at about 82.2 °2Θ) to the α″-Fe 16 N 2 (202) peak (at about 42.7 °2Θ) is 0.2 or less;
wherein the nanoparticles are characterized as having a saturation magnetization value (M sat ) greater than about 145 emu/g.
2. The plurality of iron-nitride nanoparticles of claim 1 , wherein the thin material further comprises a non-ferromagnetic material.
3. The plurality of iron-nitride nanoparticles of claim 2 , wherein the non-ferromagnetic material comprises FeO, α-Fe2O3, ZnO, Al2O3, SiO2, TiO2, ZrO2, CoO, NiO, Mn, Cr, CrN, MnN, Cu, Al, Sn, Zn, or any combination thereof.
4. The plurality of iron-nitride nanoparticles of claim 1 characterized as having a coercivity value (H ci ) greater than about 1,000 Oe.
5. The plurality of nanoparticles of claim 1 , wherein the average thickness of the thin material is from 1 nm to 3 nm.
6. The plurality of iron-nitride nanoparticles of claim 1 ,
wherein the thin material is a shell on the iron-based core.
7. The plurality of iron-nitride nanoparticle according to claim 6 , wherein the core has a major dimension in a range of from 20 nm to 200 nm.
8. The plurality of iron-nitride nanoparticle according to claim 6 , wherein the ductile metal comprises Cu Al, Sn, Zn, or any combination thereof.
9. A bulk magnet comprising a plurality of the iron-nitride nanoparticles of claim 1 .
10. The bulk magnet according to claim 9 , wherein a saturation magnetization value (M sat ) of the bulk magnet is 180 emu/g or higher.
11. The bulk magnet according to claim 9 , wherein a coercivity value (H ci ) of the bulk magnet is 1500 Oe or higher.
12. A magnetic material, comprising:
a. a plurality of iron-nitride nanophases characterized as comprising 50% or more of α″-Fe 16 N 2 phase based on weight of the magnetic material, and b. ductile metal disposed between the nanophases, wherein the ductile metal has an average thickness of 1 to 5 nm;
wherein the magnetic material is characterized with X-Ray diffraction using an X-Ray source with a Cu target configured to emit monochromatic Cu-Kα X-rays, the X-Ray diffraction giving rise to diffraction peaks wherein the ratio of the integrated intensity of the α-Fe (211) peak (at about 82.2 °2Θ) to the α″-Fe16N2 (202) peak (at about 42.7 °2Θ) is 0.2 or less;
wherein the magnetic material is characterized as having a saturation magnetization value (M sat ) greater than about 145 emu/g.
13. The magnetic material of claim 12 , further comprising non-ferromagnetic material disposed between the nanophases comprises FeO, α-Fe2O3, ZnO, Al2O3, SiO2, TiO2, ZrO2, CoO, NiO, Mn, Cr, CrN, MnN, Cu, Al, Sn, Zn, or any combination thereof.
14. The magnetic material of claim 12 , wherein the ductile metal comprises Cu Al, Sn, Zn, or any combination thereof.