FAP-activated therapeutic agents, and uses related thereto
Disclosed are prodrugs of anthracyclines (such as doxorubicin) and derivatives thereof that are selectively cleaved and activated by fibroblast activating protein (FAP). The prodrugs are useful for targeted delivery of “warhead” anthracycline or anthracycline derivative to FAP-expressing tissues, including cancer (e.g., solid tumors). Also provided are pharmaceutical compounds comprising the prodrugs, as well as methods of using the prodrugs to treat a disorder characterized by FAP upregulation, e.g., cancer undesirable fibrosis and undesirable inflammation.
1. A method of treating a disorder in which fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is upregulated, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of:
(i) a prodrug represented by Formula I:
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:
R 1 represents (C 1 -C 10 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 10 )alkoxy, (C 1 -C 10 )alkyl-C(O)—(C 1 -C 10 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 3 )cycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 3 )cycloalkyl(C 1 -C 10 )alkyl, aryl, aryl(C 1 -C 10 )alkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroaryl(C 1 -C 10 )alkyl, wherein any R 1 is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxy, carboxylate, cyano, amino, nitro, and —SH; or
represents an N-terminally blocked alpha amino acid residue, wherein X is O;
R 2 represents H or a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl;
R 3 represents a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl;
R 4 is absent or represents a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, —OH, —NH 2 , or halogen;
X represents O or S;
L represents a bond, or —N(H)-L- represents a self-immolative linker; and
Cyt′ represents a radical of an anthracycline or derivative thereof; and
(ii) an additional therapeutic agent.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein L is a bond.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the anthracycline or derivative thereof is doxorubicin.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein R 2 is H.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein R 3 is methyl.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein —C(X)R 1 is a moiety which, at physiological pH, reduces cell permeability of the prodrug relative to the anthracycline or derivative thereof.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein —C(X)R 1 comprises one or more functional groups that are ionized at physiological pH.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein —C(X)R 1 is selected from the group consisting of aryl(C 1 -C 6 )acyl and heteroaryl(C 1 -C 6 )acyl.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein —C(X)R 1 represents an N-terminally blocked alpha amino acid residue, wherein X is O.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the prodrug is represented by a formula selected from the group consisting of:
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the prodrug is represented by the formula
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein R 4 is absent or represents two halogens.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the disorder is cancer.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the cancer is breast carcinoma.
15. The method of claim 13 , wherein the cancer is soft tissue sarcoma.
16. The method of claim 13 , wherein the additional therapeutic agent is a chemotherapeutic agent.
17. The method of claim 11 , wherein the disorder is cancer.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the cancer is breast carcinoma.
19. The method of claim 17 , wherein the cancer is soft tissue sarcoma.
20. The method of claim 17 , wherein the additional therapeutic agent is a chemotherapeutic agent.