Selective metallization of integrated circuit packages
The disclosed technology generally relates to metallization of substrates, and more particularly to selective metallization of ceramic substrates. A method of selectively metallizing a substrate includes forming a base metal layer comprising a refractory metal on a substrate, forming a base nickel (Ni) layer over the base metal layer by a vapor phase process, forming a palladium (Pd) layer on the base Ni layer by electroless plating, and forming a gold (Au) layer on the Pd layer.
1. A ceramic package comprising:
a ceramic package substrate configured to house an electronic component therein;
a metallization structure configured to electrically connect the electronic component to the outside world, the metallization structure comprising:
a base metal layer comprising a refractory metal formed on the ceramic package substrate,
a nickel (Ni)-based layer deposited on the base metal layer, wherein the Ni-based layer is a Ni layer having phosphorous (P) and boron (B) each at a concentration less than 0.01 weight (wt.) %,
a plated Ni layer plated over the Ni-based layer and having a different composition from the Ni-based layer, the plated Ni layer comprising P at a concentration exceeding the concentration of P in the Ni-based layer,
a palladium (Pd) layer plated on the plated Ni layer, wherein the Pd layer has a thickness of 0.05 μm to 0.5 μm, and
a gold (Au) layer plated on the Pd layer.
2. The ceramic package of claim 1 , wherein the Ni-based layer is an alloy comprising Ni.
3. The ceramic package of claim 1 , wherein the ceramic package further comprises a via extending through the ceramic package substrate and electrically connected to the metallization structure.
4. The ceramic package of claim 3 , wherein the via is configured to electrically connect the electronic component at one end and an external circuit or component at the other end.
5. The ceramic package of claim 4 , wherein the via has formed on opposing ends thereof one or more of the Ni-based layer, the plated Ni layer, the Pd layer and the Au layer.
6. The ceramic package of claim 4 , wherein the via has formed therein one or more of the Ni-based layer, the plated Ni layer, the Pd layer and the Au layer that are co-deposited with respective ones of the Ni-based layer, the plated Ni layer, the Pd layer and the Au layer of the metallization structure.
7. The ceramic package of claim 4 , wherein the base metal layer comprises upper and lower portions formed on opposing major surfaces of the ceramic package substrate and further having a via portion extending through the via and connecting the upper and lower portions, wherein the upper, lower and via portions of the base metal layer form a continuous layer having the same composition and thickness.
8. The ceramic package of claim 1 , further comprising a metal layer interposed between the Ni-based layer and the plated Ni layer, wherein the metal layer is formed of a different metal from the Ni-based layer and the plated Ni layer.
9. The ceramic package of claim 8 , wherein the metal layer is a single metal layer contacting the Ni-base layer and the plated Ni layer.
10. The ceramic package of claim 1 , wherein the Pd layer comprises P.
11. The ceramic package of claim 1 , further comprising:
an outer electrical pad on an outer surface of the ceramic package, wherein the outer electrical pad comprises the metallization structure.
12. The ceramic package of claim 1 , wherein the ceramic package substrate has opposing first and second sides, wherein the metallization structure comprises a first metallization structure that is formed on the first side and comprises the base metal layer, the Ni-based layer, and the Au layer comprise a first base metal layer, a first Ni-based layer, and a first Au layer, respectively, and wherein the ceramic package further comprises:
a second metallization structure on the second side of the ceramic package substrate, wherein the second metallization structure comprises:
a second base metal layer comprising the refractory metal;
a second Ni-based layer deposited on the second base metal layer; and
a second Au layer formed over the second Ni-based layer.
13. The ceramic package of claim 12 , wherein the plated Ni layer comprises a first plated Ni layer, wherein the Pd layer comprises a first Pd layer, and wherein the second metallization structure comprises:
a second plated Ni layer plated over the second Ni-based layer; and
a second Pd layer plated on the second plated Ni layer.
14. The ceramic package of claim 13 , wherein the second Au layer is plated on the second Pd layer.
15. The ceramic package of claim 13 , wherein the second plated Ni layer and the second Pd layer are co-deposited with the first Ni layer and the first Pd layer.
16. The ceramic package of claim 12 , wherein the first and second metallization structures are co-deposited.
17. The ceramic package of claim 1 , further comprising:
a through-substrate structure that extends from a first surface of the ceramic package substrate to a second surface of the ceramic package substrate, wherein the through-substrate structure comprises the metallization structure.
18. The ceramic package of claim 17 , wherein the through-substrate structure comprises a first end portion formed on the first surface and a second end portion formed on the second surface, and wherein the first and second end portions both include the base metal layer and least one of the Ni-based layer, the plated Ni layer, the Pd layer, and the Au layer.
19. A ceramic package comprising:
a ceramic package substrate comprising a cavity configured to house an electronic component therein;
an inner metallization structure formed on an inner surface of the ceramic package substrate and configured to connect to the electronic component; and
an outer metallization structure formed on an outer surface of the ceramic package substrate and configured to connect to an external circuit or component,
wherein the inner and outer metallization structures are electrically connected to each other and comprise co-deposited ones of:
a base metal layer comprising a refractory metal formed on the ceramic package substrate,
a nickel (Ni)-based layer deposited on the base metal layer,
a plated Ni layer formed over the Ni-based layer and having a different chemical composition from the Ni-based layer,
a palladium (Pd) layer plated on the plated Ni layer, and
a gold (Au) layer plated on the palladium layer.
20. The ceramic package of claim 19 , wherein the ceramic package further comprises a via extending through the ceramic package substrate, wherein the via electrically connects the inner metallization structure and the outer metallization structure.
21. The ceramic package of claim 20 , wherein the via has formed on opposing ends thereof the inner metallization structure and the outer metallization structure.
22. The ceramic package of claim 20 , wherein the via has formed therein one or more of the Ni-based layer, the plated Ni layer, the Pd layer and the Au layer that are co-deposited with respective ones of the Ni-based layer, the plated Ni layer, the Pd layer and the Au layer of the inner and outer metallization structures.
23. The ceramic package of claim 19 , wherein the plated Ni layer comprises phosphorous (P) or boron (B).
24. The ceramic package of claim 23 , wherein the Ni-based layer is an alloy comprising Ni.
25. The ceramic package of claim 23 , wherein the Ni-based layer is a Ni layer deposited using a vapor deposition process and having P and B each at a concentration less than 0.01 wt. %.
26. The ceramic package of claim 19 , further comprising a metal layer interposed between the Ni-based layer and the plated Ni layer, wherein the metal layer is formed of a different material from the Ni-based layer and the plated Ni layer.
27. A packaged electronic component, comprising:
a ceramic package substrate having a cavity housing therein an electronic component and also having a via that extends through the ceramic package substrate; and
a metallization structure formed on the ceramic package substrate and electrically connected to the electronic component, the metallization structure comprising:
a base metal layer comprising a refractory metal formed on the ceramic package substrate,
a nickel (Ni)-based layer deposited on the base metal layer,
a plated Ni layer formed over the Ni-based layer and having a different chemical composition from the Ni-based layer,
a palladium (Pd) layer plated on the plated Ni layer, and a gold (Au) layer plated on the Pd layer, wherein a portion of the base metal layer and a portion of at least one of the Ni-based layer, the plated Ni layer, the Pd layer, and the Au layer extend through the via.
28. The packaged electronic component of claim 27 , wherein the metallization structure is formed on an outer surface of the ceramic package substrate, and wherein the metallization structure is connected to the electronic component by the via.
29. The packaged electronic component of claim 28 , further comprising an inner metallization formed on an inner surface of the ceramic package substrate, the inner metallization comprising one or more of the Ni-based layer, the plated Ni layer, the Pd layer and the Au layer.
30. The packaged electronic component of claim 27 , wherein the ceramic package is configured to hermetically seal the electronic component within the cavity such that a leak rate of the ceramic package substrate and the via is 1×10 −14 -1×10 −12 atm cm 3 /sec for helium.